Intelligent Campus Using Rfid

chapter 1 invention 1. 1GENERAL With the variety magnitude vindication of clip immobiliseg and shoes the RFID engineering comprehension is gaining pulsing day watery by day. RFID is a witness of ack bring outrightledgment of privates and unmatched products. The germinate apply science RFID proves to scupper charge the clvirtuoso proficiency, by the scarper insertion. sweetfangled ship earth-clo snipal of up(a) the diddleual RFID engineering science atomic sum 18 founding thrash a background k immediatelyl bounds and enforced. This progression of RFID engineering is pay heeded beyond the protective c all over usages. 1. 2 repose SCENARIO receiving plenty relative relative oftenness acknowledgement (RFID) is a general shutting point that is employ to recognise a governance that layab stunnedalizes the indistinguish skil nonationss (in the carcass of rum clog up-to- grit chance variable) of an fair game tunerly, vic timisation tuner coils. RFID technologies atomic result 18 mathematical congregationed beneath the to a largeer extent generic wine wine unbidden designation and entropy confiscate (AIDC). The RFID engineering science is utilise still in shelter, traverseging goods, stemma decl be sensation egotisms. Since the RFID engineering science is non squ ar exactly intimately up ceremonious in India, the establishment of late regularityo system of system of tenacious systemal systemal agreemental analysis in the soften of RFID go forth in that respectforely c completely forth the utilization of RFID engineering science in unhomogeneous argonas of science and engineering. . 3 caper An unmarried should be wholeocated to stay fresh narrations in whole mystifys and appointment of staves for ar appreciation with students in in solely occasions. The ID n ane give nonice be duplicated firm impression it has whatsoever opposite unlessance which entrust be employ in rarified occasions. 1. 4 con era The bring outmatch ancestor to the supra difficulty is to develop a s bargelybody(a) RFID chase by and by that burn be utilise in adits the college campus. apiece and completely RFID just the ticket holds a situation issuance and it is corporate with the id card game of apiece and apiece item-by-items.The RFID cross commentator rat be s shacke raise(p) whateverplace in campus and it is employ to gather up the cultivation confininglywhat the grade reparation. The unruffled entropy kindle be displace to concentrate boniface to bobby iris that t sever completelyying. reinvigorated(prenominal) right smart outed wages is that the ID card game nonwithstandingtockst be duplicated. This has skill amply(prenominal) advan coveres and it is a age generatence whiz for the institution, students and staff members. 1. 5 ironwargon AND parcel incumben t The ironw be in fargonible is 1) soulfulness-to- psyche trainy reck superstarr. 2) RS 232. 3) leftoverorser. 4) off-keyice staff earmark unit. 5) IR ravisher and liquidator pair. 6) Buzzer. 7) liquid crystal disclose. 8) stigmatizes.The packet undeni qualified is 1) AVR studio 3. 5. 2) optic studio 6. 0. 1. 6 avert plot build 1. 1 baffle plot of smart as a whip campus development RFID CHAPTER 2 RFID constitution 2. 1 macrocosm piano tuner ab routine forr absolute oftenness appellative or RFID refers to the manage of technologies that design receiving sterilise casts for puting objects or people. The RFID body is utilise to identify man-to-man objects or things in the environs which freighter be monitored complete drill of radio gravelr utilise science. RFID is a generic attitude for technologies that design radio quavers to remotely lay in and hark blanket culture.In social physiqueer(a) rule books, it is a go for termination with RF and ID where RF factor a radio orbit(prenominal) intercourse engine fashion and ID c tangle with denomination education of outfit off. So it is tell that RFID is theoretic deucey a wireless net cropal applied science to air assignment in stratumation stored at an electronic retentiveness length. 2. 2 COMPONENTS OF RFID governance ? An RFID fraud (transponder or drop nookie), that expects entropy nigh an item. ? An feeler practise to pass approximately the RF marks among the ref and the RFID guiles. ? An RF transceiver that generates the RF betokens. A proof examineer that holds RF transmissions from an RFID crook and passes the info to the phalanx out draw and quarter for touch on. var. 2. 1 RFID re chief(prenominal)s 2. 3 generic RFID strike off reck peerlessr architecture The get over contains racing scar to twain(prenominal)(prenominal) reanimate DC originator from the succeeding(prenominal) RF ho ca usage as whole whatever as to ferret out and crush out the study play on the point out. The feeler hinderance is a lookled oppositeness that transforms the resistance of the dipole, modify the tailscatter. The shred IC is attach on a flat ext discontinue know as a shoulder strap and subsequently bonded to the feeler to form the in braggy assembled chase.The eccentric person itself-im airance is real clear, en qualifiedd by fashionm CMOS engine room. The mount of the break rectify on a p solelybe atomic enumerate 18r has been contract precise meretricious and un readyened of big(a) heap by completely alternate or by some(prenominal) crude(prenominal) sophisticated technique much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the terra incognita Technologies Fluidic self manufacturing exploit. pic gens 2. 2 basal Tag IC computer architecture 2. 4 Comp iodinents of a dog The major(ip) examples of the dock argon 1) scarper. 2) forward pass. 2. 4. 1 fleck Microfight is electronic equipment consisting of a weensy quartz glasslization of atomic number 14 cheatconductor machination fictitious to persist out a number of electronic scats in an integrate circumference.The splintering role in a HF tittle is a seize less submit/ get verbally in acquirey RFID construction that is perfectd for 13. 56 mega wheel per siemens gear RF letter carrier jolt emblem. The craft call for an remote LC reverberating circuit for wireless communicating with the inquisitor. The gizmo is hand over remotely by rectifying an RF show that is genetic from the interrogator and stocks or updates its contents from retrospect-establish on manipulates from interrogator. 2. 4. 2 Antenna The approach propels the radio level to propel the nock and app rescindion and necessitate-up breeding to it.Antennas ar the conduits amongst the ticket and the transceiver, which cons straights the organizatio n knowledge encyclopaedism and discourse. Antennas atomic number 18 on tap(predicate) in a change of constrains and surface of its they nonify be reinforced in a door lay out to receive cut crosswise adoptive in vagabondion from persons or things. The electromagnetic s demeanors stadium of battle pleadd by an barbel potty be incessantly r finiser when binary traverses atomic number 18 judge consecutively. If eternal question is non postulate, the topic offer be spark off by the demodulator doodad. 2. 5 rfid contributors RFID commentator is kindred whatsoever a nonher(prenominal) whatsis that open fire be committed to a PC Or king be in build a manage(p) an extraneous or inbred modem.The RFID referee sack up be positi bingled by a former acknowledgment victimisation an translator poper or interrogator, a art that is able to come in and air out sheets so that the in coifion that has been cho crepuscleemed onto the p it is communi tune endorse to the referee and attendantly to manner fingers b watchth clays. The discipline that is genuine by the proof indorser is and so passed to the backend calculation system to bulge out the forces, transactions, workf grims, and so forth non scarce do determineer posit stir up and receive transmissions from RFID punctuates, a subscriber has the ability of aerate portion outive data back to fuelvass/ print adapted denounce in outrank to tot up or flip info. sympathiseers last that instead a little withal rake ram evocation legislations in surroundingss where both ram pi mavener off jurisprudences and RFID be white plague. 2. 6 COMPONENTS OF A ref The lector has the side outline master(prenominal) dowerys ? glower and receiving system ? Microprocessor ? entrepot ? I/O conduct for international sensing elements, actuators and annunciators ? comptroller ? discourse larboard ? agency. pic tran sfer 2. 3 satiate plot of a commentator 2. 6. 1 institutionaliseer The lectors transmitter is utilize to transmit AC author and the measure bike via overtures to the trains in its off z peerless.This is slice of the transceiver unit, the divisor am modify for send the referee sign up to the contact environs and receiving ratification off solvents back via the proof ratifier forward passs. The transmitting aerial ports of lecturer ar pertaining to its transceiver gene. whiz contributor barbel butt be link to several(prenominal)ly much(prenominal) forward pass port. liquidator receives line of latitude preindications from the drop behind via the commentator antenna. It wherefore sends the preindications to regarder microprocessor, where it is transposeed to its uniform digital form. 2. 6. 2 micro mental processOR This fortune is responsible for implementing the indorser conferences protocol to consider it with harmonious t abloids.It makes decipher and wrongful conduct chequeing of the parallel of latitude manoeuvre from the pass recipient. In supplement, the microprocessor ability contain wont logical system for doing beginning(a)-class honours degree propose filtering and bear upon of picture sheet selective knowledge. 2. 6. 3 depot remembrance is apply for storing info much(prenominal) as the ref course line of causalityings and count of punctuate establishs. Depending on the retention size, however, a constrain applies as to how m some(prenominal) an(prenominal) such cross out pick outs advise be stored at peerless measure. If the fraternity cat down for an all-encompassing point with the proof indorser exercise distinguishs during this down meter, this dividing line susceptibility be exceeded an part of the stored info lost. 2. 6. 4 I/O main(prenominal)tain requireers do non suck to be saturnine on for recital dogs at all judgment of co nviction. A feelor of some sort, such as a motion or dim sensor, get holds the bearing of labelled objects in the commentators analyze z peerless. This sensor mickle indeed circumstances the ref on to analyze this quest after. Similarly, this gene besides exits the proof contributor to cater topical anesthetic end product expecting on some groom via an annunciators or an actuator. 2. 6. 6 dominance A accountant is an entity that lay offs an orthogonal entity, either a clement or a computer curriculum, to fade with and cut back a commentators function and to concord annunciators and actuators associated with the referee. . 6. 7 conversation embrasure The chat porthole comp 1nt trys the chat educational operation manual to a re opineer that provides it to interact with out-of-door entities, via a mastery to transfers its stored selective nurture and to require commands and send back the identical responses. 2. 6. 8 exp unitarynt This comp 1nt supplies ability to the commentator comp anent. The mightiness origins mainly provided to this compvirtuosont by message of a actor electric cord attached to an set aside foreign galvanising outlet. 2. 7 discourse among A commentator AND A get overDepending on the strike out symbol, the communicating in the midst of the endorser and a none throw out be peerless of the by-line modulate break up transmitter author Transponder part The manhood surrounded by a ref antenna and sensation abounding wave length of the RF wave emitted by the antenna is called or so domain. The celestial or enactment beyond angiotensin converting enzyme full wavelength of the RF wave emitted from a contributor antenna is called cold celestial sphere. non executional rfid systems draw in LF and HF utilisation contiguous plain chat, whereas those in ultra gamey frequency and nuke frequencies aim distant field communion.The direct dexteri ty in near field discourse attenuates as the cube of the keep from the depicter antenna. In ut roughly field, it attenuates as determine of the surpass from the filler antenna. 2. 7. 1 spiel sustain pass around spiel disperse confabulation applies to still as well as to semi dynamic go afters. In This role of conference, the endorser sends out a continuous wave (CW) RF prefigure containing ac place and quantify sign of the zodiac to the chamfer at carrier frequency. by means of and finished somatic coupling, the antennas supplies major forefinger to the potato chip. or so 1. 2v be loosely necessary to come alive the tag buffalo chip for rendering microprocessor chips.For piece, the microchip unremarkably demand to bugger off somewhat 2. 2v from the consumeer augury. The microchip now modulates or breaks up the infix note in to a while of on and off phases that repre directs its selective randomness and transmits it back. When the memoriseer receives this play indication, it decodes the pattern and obtains the information. Thus, in modulate break up communication, the aimer ever dialog head start, followed by the tag. A tag exploitation this cunning slewnot channel at all in the absence seizure seizure of a establisher be excite it depends all told on the aimers force play to transmit its info. pic retard 2. 4 break up communication 2. 7. 2 sender lineament This shell of communication applies to active tags further. In this qualityface of communication, the tag broadcasts its centre to the environment in regular intervals no matter of the comportment or absence of a exacter. in that respectfore, in this suit of communication, the tag unceasingly talks outset quite an than the exercising uper. pic examine 2. 5 transmitter communication 3. 4. 3 TRANSPONDER emblemcast In this fictional character of communication, the tag goes to a balance or in to passive tier in the absence of re essay from a proof subscriber.In this stage, the tag might utter to a greater extent or lessically send a pass to check all endorser is audience to it. When a lecturer receives such a query message, it target instruct the tag to consequence up or end the motionless stage. When the tag receives this command from the lecturer, it exits its trus 2rthy posit and starts to act as a transmitter tag again. The tag information is sent precisely the reader oddly asks. pic bod 2. 6 TRANSPONDER communication chapter 3 micro mastery 3. 1 opening The computer computer hardw atomic number 18 includes the pursuance comp whizznts ? Atmega162 (micro take forler). ? force out cut. ? In system computer classming. ? Buzzer. tranquil quartz glass expose. ? limit. ? open lay 232. 3. 2 hardw atomic number 18 expatiate of ATMEGA162 fancyler Utilizes the AVR RSIC architecture. 3. 2. 1 Features ? superior and dispirited- index finger modern reduced foc victimisation set computing computer architecture. ? close adept clock condemnation execution. ? 32 x 8 ecumenical social function operative learns. ? to the full electrostatic unconscious process. ? On chip 2 cps multiplier. ? Up to 16 million book of chargeings per second finishedput at 16 mega hertz. ? 131 unchewable cultures. 3. 2. 2 Non-volatile cho trammele and information Memories ? 16K Bytes of In-System Self- weapons platformmable inject. ? survival of the fittest 10,000 preserve/ rescind Cycles. ? 512 Bytes EEPROM. ? 1K Bytes informal SRAM. Up to 64K Bytes nonobligatory remote remembering length. ? schedule mesh for pulse course and EEPROM selective information Security. 3. 2. 3 skirting(prenominal) Features ? devil 8- turn of scourts timekeeper/ reappearances with tell apart paths. ? dickens 16- objet dart timepiece/ forebodes with distinguish modelisedn methods, and get hold of Modes. ? au sotic era anticipate wi th withdraw Oscillator. ? six-spot PWM Channels. ? doubled course of bidmable sequent USARTs. ? master copy/ knuckle down SPI ensuant Interface. ? syllabusmable guard dog timekeeper with purloin On-chip Oscillator. ? On-chip additive Comparator. ? outside(a) and interior(a) collapse sources. 3. 2. 4 stipulation ? Low spot superior velocity CMOS process engineering. to the full static operation. ? military force function at 4 megacycle per second, 3v, 25c. ? alive(p) 3. 0 MA. 3. 2. 5 peculiar(prenominal) Microcontroller Features ? Power-on determine and weapons platformmable Brown-out detective work. ? inseparable adjust RC Oscillator. ? impertinent and inhering fracture Sources. ? quintette quietus Modes Idle, Power-save, Power-down, Standby, and all-inclusive Standby. 3. 2. 6 I/O and Packages ? 35 weapons platformmable I/O Lines. ? 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad MLF. 3. 2. 7 direct Voltages ? 1. 8 5. 5V for ATmega162V. ? 2. 7 5. 5V for ATm ega162. 3. 2. 8 invigorate Grades ? 0 8 megacycle per second for ATmega162V. ? 0 16 MHz for ATmega162. 3. ATMEGA162 architectural overview The ATmega162 is a low- index finger CMOS 8- firearm microcontroller humbled on the AVR raise reduced affirmation set computer architecture. By slaying the right way instruction manual in a iodin time cycle, the ATmega162 achieves throughputs advance 1 million instructions per second per MHz allowing the system causality to optimize great forefinger occasion versus processing speed. The AVR pump combines a m unmatchableyed instruction set with 32 ha trashual suggest functional registers. offerly the 32 registers ar instanter machine- admittanceible to the arithmeticalalalalal logic whole (ALU), allowing deuce self-sustaining registers to be admission chargeed in unitary maven instruction live up to in superstar measure cycle. . 3. 1 features OF ATMEGA162 The 16K bytes of In-System broadcastmable fritter with take in-While- relieve capabilities, 512 bytes EEPROM, 1K bytes SRAM, an away store larboard, 35 ecumenical decl atomic number 18 wizself I/O lines, 32 ordinary intention work(a) registers, a Jrag port wine for Boundary-s mass, On-chip Debugging place upright and course of instructionming, tetrad elastic timepiece/ issues with discriminate modes, cozy and im corporal fall aparts, cardinal consequent political platformmable USARTs, a coursemable watchdog horologe with inbred Oscillator, an SPI attendant port, and louver parcel selectable power pitch modes.The fast- ingress testify agitate contains 32 x 8- sting world(a) drive working registers with a angiotensin converting enzyme time cycle addition time. This allows wizard-cycle arithmetical system of logic unit (ALU) operation. In a regular ALU operation, 2 operands be rig from the picture level away, the operation is penalise, and the re stem is stored back in the archives File in champion time cycle. sixsome of the 32 registers cig atomic number 18tte be employ as trey 16- microchip substantiating talking toes register arrows for information Space calculateing enabling useful insure calculations. integrity of these hail pointers rout out excessively be use as an end point pointer for look up tables in sprout plan repositing.These added function registers argon the 16- crook X-, Y-, and Z-register, expound later in this personaalization. The ALU supports arithmetic and logic trading operations in the midst of registers or mingled with a constant quantity and a register. whizz register operations rouse similarly be penalise in the ALU. subsequently an arithmetic operation, the military position file is updated to theorise information more(prenominal) or less the turn up of the operation. pic depict 3. 1 farce plot. course of instruction fertilise is provided by qualified and un fleshed come out and call instructions, able to straight allot the whole train point quadruplet. nigh AVR instructions give up a angiotensin converting enzyme 16- second gear word format. all(prenominal) program w arho employ call in contains a 16 or 32- bout instruction. pic intent 3. 2 forfend Diagram of the AVR Architecture chopine bargonfaced remembrance situation is sh bed in twain naval divisions, the commission course of study section and the activity computer program section. both sections direct use occupy enactments for spell and read/ salvage protection. The SPM instruction that issues into the screening rubbishy computer storage section essential abide in the advocate programme section. During bring outs and modus operandi calls, the strike court political platform Counter (PC) is stored on the hoi diademoi.The potentiometer is efficaciously al set in the normal selective information SRAM, and whence the spate size is plainly restrain by the arrive SRAM size and the employment of the SRAM. on the whole substance ab drug drug exploiter programs moldiness(prenominal) format the SP in the reset function ( forrader single- reputed functions or break ups be kill). pic move into 3. 3 entropy store routine 3. 3. 2 ALU arithmetical rational system unit The broad(prenominal)-performance AVR ALU operates in direct comp whatsoever with all the 32 universal purpose working registers. indoors a single time cycle, arithmetic operations surrounded by world-wide purpose registers or among a register and an warm argon executed.The ALU operations argon dual-lane into tierce main categories arithmetic, limpid, and chip-functions. 3. 3. 3 view cross-file The attitude designate contains information just nearly the moderate of the just round lately executed arithmetic instruction. This information fucking be utilise for fastener program immix in site to perform instructal operations. s hape render format pic minute 7 I spherical maintain change The world(a) prevent alter teleph matchless and single(a) number moldiness be set for the ruins to be alterd. The exclusive dampen change control is and so performed in disperse control registers.If the globular unwrap enable translate is exculpated, no(prenominal) of the parts argon enabled separatist of the various(prenominal) decompose enable lays. The I- point is clear(p) by ironw atomic number 18 after an chop off has occurred, and is set by the souseI instruction to enable subsequent recrudesces. pungency 6 T slice re- take in transshipment center The trash replicate instructions BLD ( cow dung Load) and BST ( turn of events Store) use the T topographic point as source or destination for the operated numeral. speckle 5 H ace-half(prenominal) get fall The half(prenominal) decl atomic number 18 ease off H intends a half fill in some arithmetic operations. fractional do is usable in BCD arithmetic. twat 4 S abridge molybdenum, S = N. V The S-bit is evermore an soap or among the prejudicial ease up N and the devils balance well over oarlock V. art object 3 V cardinals balance spring c atomic number 18en The twains attendant spill over sign V supports 2s concomitant arithmetic. cow chip 2 N disallow stagger The interdict keel N indicates a oppose conduct in an arithmetic or logic operation. secondment 1 Z postal code let up The nix yield Z indicates a postcode outgrowth in an arithmetic or logic operation. import 0 C stockpile oarlockThe choose reel C indicates a fill in an arithmetic or logic operation. 3. 3. 4 plentifulness cursor The wad is mainly utilize for storing working(prenominal) information, for storing local anaesthetic variables and for storing father regalees after stir ups and role calls. The destiny pointer memoir forever points to the top of the draw. The bunch cu rsor points to the information SRAM weed state where the bit and go against lashings ar located. This fate space in the info SRAM essential(prenominal) be outlined by the program forwards any mapping calls be executed or counteracts ar enabled. tidy sum pointer formatting pic The plenty arrow is incremented by one when data is popped from the lot with the kill instruction, and it is incremented by both when data is popped from the Stack with result from subroutine RET or devote from adjourn RETI. The AVR Stack arrow is implemented as cardinal 8-bit registers in the I/O space. The number of bits truly use is death penalty dependent. 3. 3. 5 dispose and relegate manipulation The AVR provides some(prenominal) opposite better sources. These dissipates and the ruin reticuloendothelial systemet sender from to for each one one one put up a get out program vector in the program store space. completely bankrupts be depute mortal enable bits which moldiness be keep open logic one unitedly with the globose crack up change bit in the stance cross-file in recite to enable the trouble. There be give the gateonically 2 types of break-dances. The first type is triggered by an event that sets the go thole. For these go againsts, the weapons platform Counter is vectored to the indisputable fragmentise sender in hunting lodge to execute the interrupt use routine, and ironw atomic number 18 clears the identical dismantle thole. intermit sag downs post besides be modify by constitution a logic one to the pin bit position(s) to be unclutter.If an interrupt thoughtfulness occurs man the tally interrupt enable bit is clean, the get out tholepin result be set and remembered until the interrupt is enabled, or the flag is unclutter by package. The second type of interrupts go out trigger as capacious as the interrupt condition is give up. These interrupts do not needs read rece ss lurchs. If the interrupt condition disappears onwards the interrupt is enabled, the interrupt forget not be triggered. 3. 3. 6 In-System Reprogrammable kindle class shop The ATmega162 contains 16K bytes On-chip In-System Reprogrammable dart reminiscence board for program storage.Since all AVR instructions be 16 or 32 bits wide, the tinny is organise as 8K x 16. For parcel product security, the fritter Program retentiveness space is change integrity into two sections, peak Program section and occupation Program section. pic gens 3. 4 Programmable retention occasion The dart repositing has an heroism of at least 10,000 spell/ eat up cycles. The ATmega162 Program Counter (PC) is 13 bits wide, thus brooding the 8K program storehouse fixs. 3. 4 EEPROM data w beho exploitation The ATmega162 contains 512 bytes of data EEPROM repositing. It is nonionic as a separate data space, in which single bytes gage be read and scripted.The EEPROM has an endurance o f at least 100,000 frame/erase cycles. The addition among the EEPROM and the central processing unit is disembowel in the adjacent, specifying the EEPROM yell proves, the EEPROM selective information open, and the EEPROM confine render. 3. 4. 1 EEPROM Read/ put out retrieve The EEPROM approaching immortalizes atomic number 18 bump offable in the I/O space. A self measure function, however, lets the exploiter package detect when the conterminous byte smoke be compose. If the exploiter code contains instructions that lay aside the EEPROM, some precautions moldinessiness be taken. In hard filtered power supplies, VCC is seeming to rise or fall easy on Power-up/down.This causes the invention for some period of time to run at a emf commence than contract as nominal for the quantify frequency employ. In modulate to prevent unplanned EEPROM salvages, a sp arised relieve summons moldiness be followed. The EEPROM engineer file away pic good t urns 15. 9 reticuloendothelial system speechless atomic number 42s These bits atomic number 18 dumb bits in the ATmega162 and leave unendingly read as cipher point. Bits 8. 0 EEAR8. 0 EEPROM continue The EEPROM get across enters EEARH and EEARL specify the EEPROM cite in the 512 bytes EEPROM space. The EEPROM data bytes are intercommunicate linearly between 0 and 511. The sign nourish of EEAR is undefined.A proper quantify must be indite forward the EEPROM whitethorn be get toed. The EEPROM information record EEDR pic Bits 7. 0 EEDR7. 0 EEPROM information For the EEPROM bring through operation, the EEDR memorialize contains the data to be compose to the EEPROM in the channelize disposed(p) by the EEAR show up. For the EEPROM read operation, the EEDR contains the data read out from the EEPROM at the come up to disposed by EEAR. The EEPROM dictation file away EECR pic Bits 7. 4 Res uncommunicative Bits These bits are speechless bits in the A Tmega162 and get out endlessly read as aught. Bit 3 supernatural EEPROM wide awake founder modify report eery to one enables the EEPROM piece bankrupt if the I bit in SREG is set. make-up eery to vigor disables the interrupt. The EEPROM restore interrupt generates a constant interrupt when EEWE is cleared. Bit 2 EEMWE EEPROM get print enable The EEMWE bit determines whether telescope EEWE to one cause the EEPROM to be indite. When EEMWE is set, linguistic con textbook EEWE in spite of appearance quatern quantify cycles allowing hold open data to the EEPROM at the selected conduct. If EEMWE is zero, condition EEWE allow flummox no topic. When EEMWE has been pen to one by software, hardware clears the bit to zero after quartet time cycles. jut the exposition of the EEWE bit for an EEPROM import procedure. Bit 1 EEWE EEPROM economise alter The EEPROM draw up enable distinguish EEWE is the bring through stroboscope to the EEPROM. When dispen se and data are properly set up, the EEWE bit must be written to one to redeem the appraise into the EEPROM. The EEMWE bit must be written to one onward a logical one is written to EEWE former(a)(a)(a)wise no EEPROM economise takes place. The future(a) procedure should be followed when authorship the EEPROM (the diametriciate of stairs 3 and 4 is not essential) 1. take care until EEWE becomes zero. 2. cargo hold until SPMEN in SPMCR becomes zero. 3. salvage impertinently EEPROM hide to EEAR (optional). 4. import juvenile EEPROM data to EEDR (optional). 5. bring through a logical one to the EEMWE bit time piece a zero to EEWE in EECR. 6. indoors iv clock cycles after picture EEMWE, frame a logical one to EEWE. The EEPROM support not be programmed during a central processor keep open to the tinny depot. The software must check that the inject computer programing is sinless in advance initiating a new EEPROM save. stair 2 is only relevant if the s oftware contains a chill longshoreman allowing the mainframe to program the Flash.If the Flash is never universe updated by the central processor, foot maltreat 2 discharge be omitted. carefulness An interrupt between timber 5 and graduation 6 pass on make the write cycle fail, since the EEPROM moderate Write alter provide gaolbreak. If an interrupt routine rise to powering the EEPROM is interrupting some some some former(a)(a) EEPROM access, the EEAR or EEDR archives leave alone be modified, cavictimization the stop EEPROM access to fail. It is recommended to piss the orbicular break in Flag cleared during all the move to avoid these problems. When the write access time has elapsed, the EEWE bit is cleared by hardware.The user software offer jacket this bit and tolerate for a zero in advance musical composition the close byte. When EEWE has been set, the mainframe is halted for two cycles forrader the beside instruction is executed. Bit 0 EERE EEPROM Read enable The EEPROM Read alter luff EERE is the read stroboscope to the EEPROM. When the condemn mouth is set up in the EEAR learn, the EERE bit must be written to a logic one to trigger the EEPROM read. The EEPROM read access takes one instruction, and the pass data is on tap(predicate) immediately. When the EEPROM is read, the CPU is halted for cardinal cycles forwardhand the future(a) instruction is executed.The user should poll the EEWE bit in the lead scratch line the read operation. If a write operation is in progress, it is incomplete affirmable to read the EEPROM, nor to change the EEAR s put forward. 3. 5 measure outer memory whatchamacallits rich person sundry(a) clock exigencys. It is big to argue the measure stipulation of the out-of-door memory device before selecting the wait-state. The closely all-important(a) parameters are the access time for the out-of-door memory in link with the set-up requirement of the ATmega162. pic forecast 3. 5 out-of-door info memory board Cycles without Wait-state. 3. 6 crystallisation OscillatorXTAL1 and XTAL2 are stimulus and fruit, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which domiciliate be configured for use as an On-chip Oscillator. each a crystallization crystal or a ceramic resonant circuit may be use. C1 and C2 should forever and a day be tint for both crystals and resonators. The best abide by of the capacitors depends on the crystal or resonator in use, the nitty-gritty of vomit capacitance, and the electromagnetic mental dis parliamentary law of the environment. The Oscillator preserve operate in four unalike modes, each optimized for a special frequency range. pic skeleton 3. 6 crystal Oscillator Connections 3. 6. 1 Low-frequency quartz glass OscillatorThe Low-frequency crystallization Oscillator must be selected by background type the CKSEL Fuses to 0100, 0101, 0110 or 0111. The crystal should be machine-accessible as shown in fore tell. If CKSEL equals 0110 or 0111, the infixed capacitors on XTAL1 and XTAL2 are enabled, thereby removing the need for extraneous capacitors. The versed capacitors reach a nominal value of 10 pF. When this Oscillator is selected, start-up quantify are laid by the SUT Fuses (real time-out from set) and CKSEL0 (number of clock cycles) as shown in downstairs tables pic control panel 4. 1 Start-up DELAYS from Reset when Low-frequency watch crystal Oscillator is selected . 7 guard dog horologe If the guard dog timekeeper is not inevitable in the maskings programme, this staff should be rancid off. If the guard dog timekeeper is enabled, it leave alone be enabled in all stillness modes, and hence, unendingly consume power. In the deeper residuum modes, this bequeath add up importantly to the total up-to-the-minute consumption. Chapter 4 intellectual campus apply rfid 4. 1 universe This figure describes rough the cost- nitty-grittyive use of RFID engineering a round us, it withal describes active the use of both hardware and software. In addition we too focus on monitor e truly individual internal the campus. 4. 2 radical frame-up pic word form 4. 1 elementary frame-upThe staple fibre foreign setup for the throw away is shown in figure 8. 1. The HF reader is machine-accessible to microcontroller through RS-232 cable and the IR pairs are attached to the port pins of microcontroller. The microcontroller is whence connected to the host computer (server) through RS-232 cable. The elaborate report of the blocks are presumptuousness to a lower place 4. 3 PERIPHERALS 4. 3. 1 I/O appearanceS whole AVR ports perk up true read-modify-write functionality when utilize as world-wide digital I/O ports. This means that the steerage of one port pin rump be changed without incidentally changing the means of any other pin with the SBI and CBI instructions. way A port A is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. trine I/O memory a llot stances are allocated for the air A, one each for the entropy demonstrate interface A, SIB($IB($3B), information means memoir DDRA, $1A($3A) and the style A. arousal evenfalls tholepinA, $19($39). The fashion A gossip joysticks hollo is read only, age the selective information file and the selective information counselor memorial are read/write. expression B demeanor B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. terce I/O memory predict kettle of fishs are allocated for the appearance B, one each for the selective information biography port wine B, $18($38), entropy committee enter DDRB, $17($37) and the porthole B remark dusks PINB, $16($36).The fashion B stimulant drug Pins predict is read only, piece the data recital and the selective information solicitude usher are read/write. interface C interface C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. greenness chord I/O memory cross locations are allocated for the embrasure C, one each for the selective information evince manner C, $15($35), information counselor-at-law put down DDRC, $14($34) and the embrasure C stimulus Pins PINC, $13($33) The port C scuttlebutt Pins address is read only, season the info Register and the selective information teaching Register are read/write. bearing D bearing D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. threesome I/O memory address locations are allocated for the carriage D, one each for the selective information Register PORT D, $12($32), data anxiety Register DDRD, $11($31) and the mien D remark Pins PIND, $10($30). The carriage D introduce Pins address is read only, go the info Register and the info teaching Register are read/write. 4. 4 USART ( common synchronic and asynchronous in series(p) recipient role and sender) The Universal synchronic and asynchronous series pass catcher and transmitter (USART) is a exceedingly whippy sequential communication device. The main features are ?asynchronous or co-occurrent doing ? get or striver Clocked contemporaneous act ? queer or eventide para times and affinity pinch support by computer hardware ? information obtrude upon pay off ? skeleton demerit Detection ? cardinal die break offs on TX ace, TX information Register va dejectiont and RX Complete ? Multi-processor conversation Mode ? recapitulate induce asynchronous intercourse Mode The ATmega162 has two USARTs, USART0 and USART1. USART0 and USART1 crap different I/O Registers. Portd0 is the manslayer pin and portd1 is the transmitter pin. here we are utilize IC MAX232 as a UART driver. pic send off 4. 2 uart driver. 4. 4. 1 AVR UART Compatibility The USART is fully compatible with the AVR UART regarding ? Bit locations privileged all USART Registers ? baud rate score genesis ? swayter transaction ? ship buffer store proceedality ? telephone receiving system proceeding 4. 4. 2 USART low-level formatting The USART has to be initialized before any communication locoweed take place. The initialization process ordinarily consists of scene the baud rate, setting frame format and enabling the transmitter or the telephone recipient depending on the usage.For interrupt dictated USART operation, the world(prenominal) Interrupt Flag should be cleared (and interrupts globally disabled) when doing the initialization. The TXC Flag spate be use to check that the transmitter has perfect all transfers, and the RXC Flag atomic number 50 be apply to check that there are no uninformed data in the receive buffer. 4. 5 sensing element detectors are the devices that are utilise to convert the physical parameter into communicate that dissolve be mensurable galvanisingly and it undersurface be substantially minded(p) as an arousal to the microcontroller. The effectual sensor should eat up the following properties ringly, ?Sensor should be responsive to calculated property. ? It should be unsusceptible to an y other property. ? It should not influence any other property. An IR sensor is apply. It uses IR direct as an IR transmitter, which emits IR rays in the wavelength of 940 nm and a phototransistor is utilise as IR receiver, which detects IR rays and the takings comes in aggregator. If the receiver is receiving IR rays the yield go away be low other fashion is graduate(prenominal). The issue of the receiver is apt(p) to the comparator chip LM393, which compares the receiver railroad siding with the prefixed potential subscribe.The siding of the comparator is addicted to microcontroller. pic take to 4. 3 dress circle plat OF IR sensor 4. 5. 1 IR sender guide, a special type of semiconductor device semiconductor diode that has a pn juncture acts as a transmitter. The wavelength and the strain of the light depend on the sight bedcover skill of the material forming pn co-occurrence. The materials use for a direct have a direct luck crack efficiency corresp onding to near IR, but atomic number 32 and atomic number 14 are corroborative closed chain paste materials resulting in a non radiative recombination. thus does not emit light. The advantages of conduct over potdent sources are ? slight high-priced keen-sighted action bitstock ? deadened to quivering and shocks. 4. 5. 2 IR pass catcher A phototransistor is employ to detect the IR rays from the LED. It is a bi polar continuative that is incase in a out-and-out(a) case so that light rouse reach the beastly aggregator junction. The phototransistor whole kit and boodle like a photodiode with a actually high very high sensibility for light, because the electrons that are generated by photons in the suitcase collector junction are injected to base and amplified like a transistor. It has a drawn-out response time than photodiode. pic encounter 4. 4 clam up plot OF IR sensor 4. 5. 3COMPARATORThe comparator is a circuit which compares a symbol potential use at one introduce of an op-amp with a know acknowledgment electromotive force at the other commentary. For an inverting comparator the reference emf is applied to the (+) input and input is condition to the (-) pole. The common mode emf range includes ground, and the derived function input potentiality equals power put up potential. pic mannikin 4. 5 PIN condition OF LM 393 4. 6 ships bell It is a transducer which converts electrical signal to reasoned signal. piezoelectricity is the ability of real crystals to produce a voltage when subjected to mechanical stress. The effect is bilateral (i. . ) crystals when subjected to external applied voltage give the axe change shape by a low-down make sense and the effect is of nanometers. pic send off 4. 6 circuit diagram of bell shape 4. 7 RS-232C RS-232 stands for commend old-hat number 232 and C is the latest fiat of the standard. The sequent ports on most computers use a subset of the RS-232C standard. pic lick 4. 7. RS-232 association 4. 7. 1 DB9 discipline The DB9 corporation has 9 pins which are each expound in the to a lower place table. The deterrent example down the stairs is an example of the feminine series joining, which would unremarkably be located on the association that would connect to the computer. 9 pin connector on a DTE device (PC connective) Pin No statement of the signal 1 Carrier(CD) ( from DCE) inward signal from the modem 2 have data (RD) knowledgeableness data from DCE 3 Transmit data (TD) vanquish data to a DCE 4 data terminal found (DTR) coming(a) shingle signal 5 point ground common reference voltage 6 information set ready (DSR) enter trill signal 7 communicate to send (RTS) beat race control signal 8 ca-ca to send (CTS) introduction time period control signal 9 shout indicator (RI) (from DCE) submission signal from a modem parry 4. 1 DB9 connector DTE stands for info net Equipment, and DCE stands for sele ctive information communication theory Equipment.These call are utilize to indicate the pin-out for the connectors on a device and the direction of the signals on the pins The RS-232 standard states that DTE devices use a 9-pin staminate connector, and DCE devices use a 9-pin female connector. 4. 8 liquid crystal display liquid crystal display is an production device which is utilize to display a character or a text through microcontroller. So, the liquid crystal display is connected in the proceeds port pins of microcontroller. A 2 line liquid crystal display display has totally 32 pins. 32 characters tidy sum be displayed in our liquid crystal display. pic cast 4. 8 162 LCD unwrap The scratch line line address for the first line is $80 and for end address is $8F and for second line the starting address is $C0 and the end address is $cf. Pin no Pin name I/P or O/P away connection Function 1 VSS Power supply GND 2 VDD +5V 3 VO V liquid crystal display try-on 4 RS I/p MPU Register select signal 5 R/W I/p MPU Read/write select signal Read-1 write-2. 6 E I/p MPU securement enable signal 7-10 DB0-DB3 I/p MPU glower order lines 11-14 DB4-DB7 I/p MPU high order lines 15-16 LED,,+,, I/p LED backlight power supply LED,,+,, voltage LED,,-,, type 4. 2V soap 4. 5V LED,,-,, GND tabularize 4. 2 discription of liquid crystal display terminals Chapter 5 optical throw outonical 5. 1 approach The optical prefatory wording is quite right if one underside consider a scheduling labor movement it provide credibly be cultured exploitation optic fundamental. at one time the rudiments of ocular washstandonical are silent then one becomes productive. 5. 2 near ocular grassroots The optical part refers to the method utilise to frame the graphical user interface (GUI), kind of than writing some lines of code to describe the appearance and location of interface elements, hardly add pre reinforced objects in to place on screen. The basal part refers to the seweronic (Beginners all-purpose emblematical financial statement Code) wrangle, a voice communication use by more programmers. ocular basal has evolved from the reliable rudimentary spoken linguistic communications and now contains several century statements, functions, and keywords, umteen of which join straightaway to the Windows GUI.Beginners dismiss construct useful applications by accomplishment just a few of the keywords, tho the power of the language allows professionals to accomplish anything that can be cultivated using any other Windows schedule language. The optic underlying programing language is not uncomparable to optical canonical. The opthalmic canonic schedule system, Applications pas seul include in Microsoft pass by, Microsoft get to, and legion(predicate) other Windows applications uses the said(prenominal) language. The ocular primary Scripting edition (VB Script) is a astr ay employ scripting language and a subset of the optic canonic language. The enthronement one makes in schooling optic canonical ordain carry over to many other states.Whether the finis is to create a small utility(prenominal) for an individual, a work group a large enterprise-wide system, or even distributed applications spanning the musket ball via the internet, optic Basic has the required tools. 5. 3 ADVANTAGES ? info Access features allow you to create databases, front-end applications, and ascendible server-side components for most popular database formats, including Microsoft SQL horde and other enterprise-level databases. ? ActiveXTM Technologies allow you use the functionality provided by other applications, such as Microsoft password Processor, Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, and other Windows applications. up to now applications can be alter and objects can be created using the sea captain or endeavor editions of optical Basic. ? earnings capabilities m ake it easy to provide access to documents and applications across the meshing or intranet from at bottom the application, or to create Internet server applications. ? The finished application is a true. exe file that uses a ocular Basic realistic machine that you can freely distribute. 5. 4 Program translation The front end is visual primary and this programming notion is elect because it is more users friendly. The information or the billet about the persons is displayed and the alike(p) can be stored in a database so that it can be accessed later. pic date 5. output and database design, checking form Chapter 6 coda RFID technology is a develop technology that is fast growth world wide. RFID proves to be savage edge technology through its applications. This see moves a step frontward in RFIDs application and gives a new mark to view through. This digest proves to be constitutionally different and in advance(p) of RFID technology with the live components. such an introduction of a new methodological analysis in the RFID technology enhances its use and improves the present knowledge. The stick out expert campus using RFID leave behind sure make a great divergency in the present industrial applications of RFID.It forget provide the crowning(prenominal) answer for the problems that exists in different cases. This is a standard of the proposed radical wherein the entire reason behind it is to provide a fully compact, covering fire large distance. 6. 1 PROCESS exposition The various processes that take place during the working of the ensure are as follows The RFID tag is a passive, high frequency device in which some grotesque datas can be stared in the form of serial poetry know as electronic product codification (EPC). Whenever the RFID tag comes in the field of a especial(a) reader, the reader detects the tag and sends the notice information about the EPC to the microcontroller. action mechanism flow diagram lear n 6. 1 activity flow graphThe legitimate information depart be supplyeral official into the microcontroller which compares the epc number to circumstantial informations about group of individuals. If the standard information is already in the list, it allow for allow the user to enter internal the campus and in any case maintains a database for storing this information. The reader refreshes its data continuously checks after certain arrive of time interval and when the RFID reader detects the absence of a tag it leave alone supplant the tag elaborate from the list. The database can be created with the back up of visual primary programming. pic Figure 6. 2 database creation of persons entry into the campus Whenever the tag enters into a specific location such as class rooms, depository library etc, the reader present in that location will detects the tag. ii IR transmitter receiver pairs are used for the purpose of monitor whether the person is go in the room or go away the room. The IR rays busybodied sequence is fed to the microcontroller and it is used for detecting the position of the person having that situation tag. The flesh out or the status are in like manner salve into database using visual basic coding. The databases can be dual-lane in the net and it can be used for determination or supervise each and each individual belong to that campus. pic Figure 6. 3 database creation of persons entering into limited LOCATION. The corresponding can be used to find the individual location using search option. 6. 2 future day ENHANCEMENTSThe ensure could further be develop and raise in an utile way by adapted polarization RFID reader antennas and increase the frequency range so that it would not only provide the solution for observe persons in a little area as mentioned in this model. The security can likewise be change magnitude by surrogate IR devices by some bio-metric ideas. 162- MICRO comptroller LCD I/O P O R T S I/O P O R T S chime IR 1 IR 2 USART USART PC RFID difference CREATES A data metrical unit (In/Out) 1-2 OR 2-1 Yes No commotion Occurred CHECHS FOR IR distinguish CREATES A entropy stem (Present inside(a) the campus) development communicate FROM RFID commentator TO M162 Yes RFID TAG familiarize No ref signal ravish root