W4 Comment on Peer Responses DQ1 AE and DQ2 CC Assignment

W4 Comment on Peer Responses DQ1 AE and DQ2 CC - Assignment Example People work in order to survive and be able to feed their families. The United States has a high standard of living evidenced by its gross domestic product per capita of $46,300 (CultureGrams, 2011). It is always tough when people do not earn enough money to cover their living expenses. Often when people are not able to break even in terms of income and expenses they borrow money from credit cards or loans to survive. The problem with such a strategy is that it is a short term solution. Eventually the person will run out of credit. A lot hard working Americans have gone bankrupt since the recession began in 2008. In 2010 there were over 1.5 million Americans that file bankruptcies (Uscourt, 2010). You mentioned in your response that poor people often rely on governmental assistance. The problem with programs such as welfare is not the economic incentive that it offers since a lot of people need the money to eat. To me the problem lies in that some people get comfortable and they never want to leave welfare. Uscourts.gov (2011). 2010 Report of Statistics Required by the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005. Retrieved October 28, 2011 from

The History of African Americans Essay Example for Free

The History of African Americans Essay Jewish people had the horrific era ordeal of the Holocaust, Native Americans had to deal with the displacement of their people which lead to death, starvation and exposure to diseases while in en route to other locations. However one could suggest that African Americans had an extremely rough time, and till this day continue to have a rough time fighting for equality in all things. This is to not downplay the horrific, and devastating things that happened to other ethnicities, but despite the unfairness, the injustice, the inequality, African Americans have always found a way to rise to the occasion and still find some gleam of hope that one day things will be fair. African Americans have endured countless hardships, countless set-backs, and sometimes a seemingly never ending battle. Despite the way the United States have treated blacks from the time they brought slaves over to America on their ships, to this day in age, black people have not given up hope that one day all, especially African Americans will one day be treated equally. This purpose of this paper is to enlighten the accomplishments of the African American race as an whole, and will outline the many trials and tribulations that African Americans have gone through, the many contributions they have made, as well as the relentless efforts blacks have made to not turn its back on the United States, despite the country many of times turning its back, or more-so looking the other way while morally wrong events took place, despite the fact that it seemed oh so many times that they took three steps forward only to be knocked back two. Nonetheless they still prevailed and continuously paving ways and making things better for the next generation making harsh sacrifices, even to the extent of death. Immediately after the Civil War ended and Congress passing the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery in 1865, no more than a year later former Confederate states started passing the so-called â€Å"Black Codes†. What this basically meant was that blacks were now allowed to legally be married, own property, and also have a limited access to the courts, and by limited it meant only when a white person was not being testified against. They could not serve in state militias or on juries, vote, or even start a job without having the consent of a previous employer. They also came up with harsh laws for things that were beyond control such as making it a crime for being unemployed or making trivial offenses, handled on a felony level or with harsher sentences. It basically re-enslaved black people in another fashion by requiring blacks to sign yearly labor contracts, and if refused they risked being arrested and fined or typically forcing them into unpaid labor. (Black Codes , 2013) In 1867 five all black colleges were founded: Howard University, Morgan State College, Talladega College, St. Augustine’s College, and Johnson C Smith College. These schools were actually established 26 years before the end of slavery. Some may ask why were these schools still needed in the first place, or still needed after schools were desegregated in 1954. Well the answer to that question is one of many. For one we must examine this from a realistic angle, at that point in time education amongst African Americans was not encouraged by many whites during that time. Remember it was about 87 years between the time black colleges began existing and schools becoming desegregated. So one can only assume that there were many things done to discourage blacks from being educated such as making laws, and giving harsh punishments, burning down schools, or even extending to death, if discovered that one could read and was educated. Originally starting out the purpose of black colleges were simply for one to teach others to become teachers, however it lead to being the foundation of many inventors, educators, CEO’s, politicians, activists, entrepreneurs, scientist, etc. People such as Oprah Winfrey, Thurgood Marshall, Martin Luther King Jr, Langston Hughes, Jesse Jackson, Spike Lee, and the list could literally go on and on. HBCU’s gave African Americans a sense of pride, dignity, and respect. It helped lead to black people being able to achieve the dreams, that they saw their white counterparts achieving. As a matter of fact during the 80’s and early 90’s it was actually deemed cool to wear HBCU paraphernalia, and be college graduates. People such as Debbie Allen, Bill Cosby, and Spike Lee, promoted the education of African Americans through TV shows and movies, such as Spike Lee’s â€Å"School Daze†, and also on The Cosby show, as well as the spin-off of it entitled â€Å"A Different World†. Which basically showcased the college life of black students, and it gave insight to show others that there are people who look just like them who goes to college. (Coleman C, 2013) After the Civil War in 1865, African Americans began feeling liberated, and they began seeking the same kind of lifestyles they observed their white counter-parts having, such as education, good paying jobs etc. The 20th century â€Å"gave birth to a cultural revolution, the era coined the â€Å"Harlem Renaissance had earned its status as â€Å"the capital of black America†. (Williams, 2013)The existence of organizations such as the NAACP, The National Urban League, and individuals such as Marcus Garvey, African Americans were free to do what they pleased; they still searched for their identity, their â€Å"piece of the pie†. (AE, 2013) In 1931 a case that included nine African American males and two white girls, showcased the injustice in the law when it contained African Americans. The Scottsboro Tragedy is the story of 9 young black males who hopped a train in hopes of finding work, but the only thing they ended up finding was a whole lot of trouble. These nine young men were accused of raped by a 17, and 21 year old white woman. Not that it was anything new to black people, but it was a landmark case that brought to light how the justice system in America differed when the accused are African Americans. This case highlighted how no facts, no evidence, or any proof was used. These young men simply were guilty with no ability to be proven innocent. Keep in mind that the most these boys could have done was hoboing through the train, and possibly could have gotten into a altercation with the white boys and perhaps have gotten the better of them. So for them to be accused of such a heinous crime as rape, showed just how much white people despised of black people. The majority of these young men would end up being falsely imprisoned, having the label of rapist pinned to their name, and go through three different trials that kept proving how the justice system was unfair, especially how one of the white girls recanted her story admitting that she fabricated everything and none of the young black men had ever touched her. But of course in those times it honestly did not matter, because they didn’t have access to fair trial, proper representation, and neither did the whole â€Å"innocent until proven guilty rule† apply to them. (Group, Scottsboro: An American tragedy, 2001) For many years to come America, especially black America would see time and time again how race would play a major factor in the laws and more-so of who which laws apply to whom. In the past years alone we have seen numerous cases of black men being accused of rape, when the evidence barely matched up, or if there were any evidence at all led to the unfar conviction of many black men who either spend many years behind bars for crimes they did not commit, only to be released because the DNA was not a match. Or the many black men who are beaten or killed by cops, specifically white cops, and the ruling comes back not guilt, and the legal systems tells people that it is ok for the police to shoot a unarmed main 50 times, when all he was doing was reaching for his wallet. Despite the inequality, the unfairness, and lack of opportunities in America towards African Americans, that did not change the fact that black Americans felt the need to not only prove they were intellectually capable of the task that the military needed but also, to show patriotism of the African American race. Although it seems ironic how blacks were fighting to keep the freedom for a country where they struggled to have the basic freedoms of others such as equal opportunities when it came to education, job opportunities and basic respect from other individuals. (Group, 2002). The Tuskegee Airmen were a group of African American pilots who were at first seemed to be nothing more than the military carrying out orders to have a group of educated black pilots, but they soon became one of the main forces behind winning the war with their bombing escorts. The very interesting thing about these men was that all they wanted to do was to prove that they were just as intelligent, educated, and has just as much tenacity as the white men. But they were constantly harassed not only outside the military but also inside the military as well. They were given missions that to be quite honest were nothing that proved they were capable of flying an aircraft. But as stated previously even after all their accomplishments and them fighting to keep the freedom of America, they still were treated as second or even third rate citizens, they were treated as if they never made contributions. 1945 marked the beginning of African Americans being able to not only express themselves, but keep current with events that affect s them, and topics that were directed toward black people. Ebony magazine was established and it was and still is a monthly magazine. The magazine was catered to African Americans, and it discussed health, fitness, finances, love, and simply African Americans live and achievements. The reason why this magazine was and still is so pertinent to the black culture because the magazine is catered to African Americans, because it gave black people a voice, it gave a voice that was relevant to people of color, and the topics were pertinent to black people has a whole. Ebony magazine paved the way for future magazines such as Jet, Essence, Black Enterprise etc. (Shahid, 2013) Malcolm X became one of the most influential people during the civil rights era, he was one of the first individuals to rejects the nonviolent civil-rights movement and integration, and became a champion of African American separatism and black pride (Davis, 2013). Now depending on who you ask, some may say X was one of the pioneers and his methods were necessary, and others may say he was nothing more than a trouble maker. But after careful research Malcolm X was a great man and it was not that he condoned violence, he condoned people standing up for themselves. He only was stating facts and the facts were the non-approach was not achieving much, and in the meantime black people were being killed in the masses because they weren’t fighting back. A man who seemed to be the opposite of Malcolm X, well in approach to the issue of direction of dealing with the Civil rights of African Americans. Martin Luther King Jr, became one of the most influential pioneers and voices of the civil rights movement. His nonviolence approach was both highly criticized as well as commended. (laureates, 2013) King worked diligently to establish racial equality, with his many sit-ins, protest and marches. He achieved many accomplishments in his lifetime, but that of course did not come without criticism because of his non-violent approaches, some people felt that King was furthering the slow progress of black people because they were not standing up for themselves. However his motive was the whole â€Å"kill them kindness† approach because he wanted to show that they weren’t just angry black people who wanted to fight, but he wanted people to understand what they were fighting for. In 1966 Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seales founded the Black Panther Party, a radical black power group, in Oakland, California. This was an organization was like no other and for those who had hate and animosity towards black people, and were considering starting trouble were in for a rude awakening. Because this group of individuals were organized, and as ironic as it may sound they established themselves as protection of the neighborhoods because of the police brutality that existed. And although they developed a reputation for militant rhetoric and clashes with the police. This was still an important time for African Americans because it gave the fire to stand up for themselves and basically fight fire with fire so to speak. The organization was short lived, and as certain research shows that certain federal, state, and local officials went through great lengths to discredit and destroy the organization, including but not limited to assassinations. African Americans have contributed a lot to not only this world but especially to the United States. As a whole they have jumped over hurdle after hurdle, they have continuously bounced back after many set-backs, and when so called rules were set into place they made it their business to break down barriers. Black people have accomplished a lot of things and despite the United States always backing them up, or them moving extremely slow to make progress, African Americans are still striving to make things equal and fair. But with all that said despite their being a African American President in office black people are still a ways away from the â€Å"promise land†. Because African Americans are still unfairly targeted by police, there is still gaps when it comes to getting loans, the rates on these homes, lack of good education, and fairness in jobs and pay. But no one can argue the fact that African Americans have made many contributions to the United States, despite the U. S. not always showing gratitude. Bibliography (n. d. ). Black Codes . (2013, April 13). Retrieved from The History Channel website. : http://www. history. com/topics/black-codes. AE, T. (2013, April 13). Harlem Renaissance. Retrieved from The Biography Channel website: http://www. biography. com/tv/classroom/harlem-renaissance#tgm Coleman C, D. (2013, http://hbcuconnect. com/history. shtml 14). The History of Historically Black Colleges Universites. Retrieved from HBCU Connect: http://hbcuconnect. com/history. shtml Davis, O. (2013, April 14). Malcolm X about bio. Retrieved from Malcolm X Biography: http://www. malcolmx. com/about/bio. html Group, F. M. (Director). (2001). Scottsboro: An American tragedy [Motion Picture]. Group, F. M. (Director). (2002). The Tuskegee airmen: They fought two wars [Motion Picture]. laureates. (2013, April 13). nobel prizes. Retrieved from Nobel Prize org: http://www. nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio. html Shahid, S. (2013, April 14). 65 Years Ago in News History: The Birth of Ebony Magazine. Retrieved from newseum: http://www. newseum. org/news/2010/10/65-years-ago-in-news-history-the-birth-of-ebony-magazine. html Williams, A. (2013, April 14). Harlem Renaissance. Retrieved from In Academic World Book. : http://www. worldbookonline. com/academic/article? id=ar246340.

Dancing Toward Sucess- Falling Into Reality Essay -- essays research p

I have the freedom to follow my own ideals, to make my own choices, to express my own morals, and to determine how I want to pursue my happiness. The kind of life I want depends on the kind of person I am - on my character and culture. I ask myself time and again, "how am I going to live a happy life in society today?" This question can be answered differently every day, depending on the events and actions that I take as an adult. An unforgettable experience taught me that making it in society does not always mean being the best. When I want something in life, I know that it usually does not come easy. Hard work and dedication is involved. For the past eleven years of my life, I have been a full time dancer. I started tying those jazz shoes onto my feet at age six, never thinking that one day they would come off. I still will slip them on once in a while, when I get an urge to prance around in front of the mirror, or attend a small dance audition. After my third year of dancing at my studio, I was definitely craving the competition aspect of dance. If any dancer has strong talent and extremely good technique then they were certain to be a part of the chorus groups. With my first year auditioning, I easily gained a position into the group. From that day on, being successful became natural. Years passed and I had moved up in the dance world. I then made the senior chorus, as the youngest member ever, at the age of thirteen. I won over two thousand dollars in scholarship money towards my dance classes over the next four years. Dancing with older girls in the senior chorus, influenced me to work harder and strive for new heights. The following fall, I pursued my new goals. I wanted to be a part of the Annette & Company Dancers, which was the most elite performance group. Being a part of this group was the highest, most privileged level that any dancer at the studio could reach. All of the members were either assistant teachers or teachers, which made me pretty intimidated, yet honored at the same time. I was a good dancer in my eyes and my building successes were proof of that. As I then entered high school, I was rewarded in numerous ways. I was promoted to an assistant teacher at my studio, joined the Annette & Company Dancers, and was granted captain of the junior varsity and v... ...of. College is my chance to enhance my knowledge and discover things about myself that I had never known. my own. I came to college to be educated and to be a student, not a dancer. I know that dancing can not be a part of my life right now. I must move past that aspect and look further for a major, career, and a pursuit of happiness. There has to be something out there which can make me just as happy as dancing does. With this experience in mind, I hope to look into my future with an open mind about my success. I can still be successful and make it in society without having been number one at everything. ‘Making it’ does not always mean getting your way. If I would live my life always "winning", I would never have a challenge, a mistake, or a time to learn from. Finding something that makes a person happy is the best part about life. After my experiences with dancing, I have been taught many lessons that will play key roles in the hopeful development of my future. Now, I am on a quest for success, keeping in mind that making it in society as a successful woman does not mean being the best at everything.

Moko Jumbie

Mock Jumble, I personally find, is the most phenomenal traditional character as not only it is a tremendous sight to see but also the ability and skill that is required to portray such a gratifying character. More formally known as ‘Stilt walker' The Mock Jumble originated from West Africa. They had a God named ‘Mock' and the liberated slaves then added the word ‘Jumble' meaning ghost. The heights of the stilts were seen as the ability to prognosticate evil quicker than ordinary men.The sticks that they balance upon are between ten to fifteen feet, this character can't simply put on a costume and play the role, he or she just require a certain level of training. Not only the astonishing talent to balance on these lingering sticks but the mock Jumble is able to dance while maintaining their profound balance. I have lived in Trinidad my entire life and there was never a carnival season that I didn't see tallest one Mock Jumble parading the streets. They bring a sense of enthusiasm to the festival.Seeing them in their luminously, radiant colors splendidly moving in time with the rhythm of the music. They usually wear lengthened pieces of velvet, which covers the sticks and bring out the oomph within there performance. Traditionally they wore a Jacket and an elaborate admiral hat but in modern days they are seen wearing cloth wrapped around there heads and instead of Jackets, cloth which flows elegantly down there pants or some that even have excess material attached to there hands are used In modern days.Mock Jumbler's have a symbolic semblance sustained throughout the years In our culture. Whether seeing one In person for the fist time or again this carnival season I guarantee you will be nothing but mesmerism's. I hope one day I acquire the elite balance which Is required to run with the ball of this majestic art.

RHOgam Case Essay

RHOgam refers to Rho immunoglobulin. RHOgam is an injectable blood product used to protect an Rh-positive fetus from antibodies produced by its Rh-negative mother. The injections are given at about 28 weeks in the pregnancy and immediately after delivery. With these injections, Rh-negative women can have safe Rh-positive pregnancies. Rh is short for Rhesus factor. Rhesus factor is a type of antigen present on the surface of red blood cells. If you have this particular antigen, you are Rh positive. If you don’t, you’re Rh negative. The Rh factor is important in determining blood type for transfusions. Normally your immune system protects against potentially harmful substances (antigens). When foreign antigens enter your body, your immune system makes antibodies to help destroy them. If you are Rh negative and you’re exposed to Rh-positive blood your body may make antibodies to Rh-positive blood on your next exposure to it. If a mother is Rh negative and a father is Rh positive, the child will likely be Rh-positive. This can create problems with pregnancy. During pregnancy a mother may be exposed to the Rh positive cells of her baby and develop antibodies to them. During a future pregnancy, these antibodies can destroy the red blood cells of an unborn child, leading to serious problems. If both parents are Rh-negative, they can only have Rh-negative offspring. If the mother is Rh-positive, her body will not produce antibodies that will cause these problems. References * http://www.rhogam.com/Professional/Pages/default.aspx * http://www.rhogam.com/Patient/WhatRhNegativeMeans/Pag es/WhatdoseitmeantoRhNegative.aspx * http://www.drugs.com/cdi/rhogam.html * http://www.vaccinetruth.org/rhogam.htm

Free Essays on Human Mate Poaching

Human Mate Poaching: Traits, Tactics and Behavioral Influences It is a normal evolutionary part of every human to desire other human mates and want to be desired return by them. The ability to attract a mate generally means that reproduction of offspring will continue (Schmitt, 2001). Recent studies have shown that many tactics and techniques have and are being used all over the world to attract a mate (Schmitt, 2001). If however, these tactics are used on someone who is already in a relationship regardless of the nature, e.g. married, living together or dating, this is called mate poaching (Schmitt, 2001). Although most people consider this improper to do, nearly fifty percent of American men and thirty percent of American women in polled in recent studies (Schmitt, 2001) were the aggressor or poacher in the adulterous affair. Nor is this a strictly an American phenomenon. Other studies have show that around the world that sixty percent of men and forty-five percent of women have succumbed to mate poaching for a short-term affair (Schmitt, 2004 ), although, like the United States, their culture and religious backgrounds state that this behavior is widely viewed as being unacceptable (Rowatt, 2003). So why is there such a large gap between social ideology and actual practice? Whether the sought relationship is a short term or long-term, what personality traits does an individual possess to seek out mates already in a relationship? What makes individuals succumb to these infidelity affairs? Studies have shown that it is costs and benefits that are the significant factors in human mate poaching (Schmitt, 2004 and Schmitt 2001). From cost as like loss of children, friends and even physical abuse, to benefits of short term sexual gratification with multiple partners, or gaining better economical status with a new mate (Schmitt, 2001), again the why factor must be employed . Perhaps a closer look at evolutionary processes of human mating ... Free Essays on Human Mate Poaching Free Essays on Human Mate Poaching Human Mate Poaching: Traits, Tactics and Behavioral Influences It is a normal evolutionary part of every human to desire other human mates and want to be desired return by them. The ability to attract a mate generally means that reproduction of offspring will continue (Schmitt, 2001). Recent studies have shown that many tactics and techniques have and are being used all over the world to attract a mate (Schmitt, 2001). If however, these tactics are used on someone who is already in a relationship regardless of the nature, e.g. married, living together or dating, this is called mate poaching (Schmitt, 2001). Although most people consider this improper to do, nearly fifty percent of American men and thirty percent of American women in polled in recent studies (Schmitt, 2001) were the aggressor or poacher in the adulterous affair. Nor is this a strictly an American phenomenon. Other studies have show that around the world that sixty percent of men and forty-five percent of women have succumbed to mate poaching for a short-term affair (Schmitt, 2004 ), although, like the United States, their culture and religious backgrounds state that this behavior is widely viewed as being unacceptable (Rowatt, 2003). So why is there such a large gap between social ideology and actual practice? Whether the sought relationship is a short term or long-term, what personality traits does an individual possess to seek out mates already in a relationship? What makes individuals succumb to these infidelity affairs? Studies have shown that it is costs and benefits that are the significant factors in human mate poaching (Schmitt, 2004 and Schmitt 2001). From cost as like loss of children, friends and even physical abuse, to benefits of short term sexual gratification with multiple partners, or gaining better economical status with a new mate (Schmitt, 2001), again the why factor must be employed . Perhaps a closer look at evolutionary processes of human mating ...

Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity

Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity Free Online Research Papers Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Wurttemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later he and his family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland. In 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he earned his diploma and received a Swiss citizenship and he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he went for his doctors degree. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933. He became a United States citizen in 1940. During the 1920s he lectured in Europe, America and the Far East and he was awarded Memberships to all the leading scientific academies throughout the world. He gained numerous awards for all of his work, including the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1925, and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1935. He married Mileva Maric in 1903 and they had a daughter and two sons. He died on April 18, 1955 at Princeton, New Jersey. Introduced in 1905, Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity is based on two ideas: the law of physics is constant for anyone moving at a constant speed, and the speed of light is constant for anyone, in any frame of reference. If the speed of light is constant, then time and space must be relative. After 1905, Einstein continued working in all three of his works in the 1905 papers. He made important contributions to the quantum theory. In 1907 he said that if mass were equivalent to energy, then the principle of equivalence required that gravitational mass would interact with the apparent mass of electromagnetic radiation, which includes light. By 1911, Einstein was able to make the first predictions about how a ray of light from a distant star, passing near the Sun, would appear to be attracted, or bent slightly, in the direction of the Suns mass. At the same time, light radiated from the Sun would interact with the Suns mass, resulting in a slight change toward the infrared end of the Suns optical spectrum. At About 1912, Einstein began a new phase of his gravitational research, by putting his work in terms of the tensor calculus of Tullio Levi-Civita and Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro. The tensor calculus made calculations in four-dimensional space-time, a notion that Einstein had obtained from Hermann Minkowski in 1907. Einstein called his new work the general theory of relativity. After a number of false starts, he published the definitive form of the general theory in late 1915. In its original form, Einsteins general relativity has been verified a number of times in the past 60 years, especially during solar-eclipse expeditions when Einsteins light-deflection prediction could be tested. The theory of special relativity says if all the laws of physics are equally valid in all frames of reference moving at a uniform velocity and that the speed of light from a uniformly moving source is always the same, regardless of how fast or slow the source or its observer is moving. The theory has as consequences, the relative mass increases rapidly for moving objects. Some criticized Special Relativity for many reasons, such as lack of evidence, rejection of mathematical physics, philosophical reasons. Examples people who criticized him are: Max Abraham, Friedrich Adler, Henri Bergson, Herbert Dingle, Harald Nordenson, Hugo Dingler, Louis Essen, Herbert E. Ives, Emanuel Lasker, Hjalmar Mellin, Albert Abraham Michelson, Menyhà ©rt Palgyi, Walter Ritz, Georges Sagnac. Other critics had already concluded that there had to be air in the upper sky (aether) which carried the light as the Earth moved through it. The two results suggested opposing results: was the aether local and fluid, or was it universal and rigid? Although there still are critics of relativity outside the scientific mainstream, most of scientists agree that Special Relativity has been proven in many different ways and there are no inconsistent things within the theory. Research Papers on Albert Einstein's Special Theory of RelativityAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Effects of Television Violence on ChildrenInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThree Concepts of PsychodynamicAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementQuebec and CanadaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

How to write a medical billing resume (with examples)

How to write a medical billing resume (with examples) If you’re interested in starting (or growing a career) in the mega-hot healthcare industry but are interested in a more administrative path, medical billing can be a great choice. Medical billing professionals handle the financial side of healthcare, translating medical charts into billing codes that are then sent to insurance companies or patients. Let’s look at three different job applicants’ medical billing resumes: one just starting out, another with experience under her belt, and a third who’s looking to move into a managerial position.First up is Amanda, our medical billing newbie.Download this resumeAmanda Brinker3298 First StreetLincoln, NE 12121(333) 111-2222Amanda.Brinker.III@emaildomain.comOrganized, Efficient Recent Grad with Administrative ExperienceKEY STRENGTHSCompleted medical billing and terminology certificate programProficient in evaluating and processing insurance claimsExperienced working as an admin in a medical clinicWell-versed in E MR and current medical billing technologyEDUCATION/CERTIFICATIONNebraska South College; Associate’s Degree, Health Information ManagementAwards/Honors: Dean’s List, graduated in top 10th percentileEXPERIENCEMidwest Animal Clinic (Lincoln, NE)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jan. 2016 – presentOffice AssistantPerform administrative support in a veterinary medical clinic.Process patient information and charts.Answer phones and handle waiting room triage.Schedule appointments and manage calendars.Provide customer care and information.The Oppenheimer Group (Lincoln, NE)Sept. 2017 – Dec. 2017Claims InternProvided administrative support for the Claims department of a large insurance company.Processed insurance claims, verifying information and routing to the appropriate team members.Maintained and enhanced a digital claim filing system.Amanda doesn’t yet have a ton of experience working in medical billing yet, but she does have a few things going for her: she’s c ompleted a training program, she has experience working in a medical office (albeit a veterinary one), and she also has experience working at an insurance company in an internship. In her resume, she wants to play up those important features, so she starts with a â€Å"Key Strengths† section that helps focus the reader on what she brings to this job. By setting the narrative herself rather than doing the standard reverse-chronological resume format (putting experience first), Amanda is making sure that the information she wants the reader to see most is front and center.Next up is Joe, who has been a medical billing professional for about 10 years.Download this resumeJoe Lightfoot7676 Francis Street * Pawnee, Indiana 56565 * 999-222-1111JoeQLightfoot@emaildomain.comCore Competencies  ICD-9 expertiseProven accuracy and attention to detailExpert knowledge of medical billing security and encrypted data managementAdept at communicating with patients, medical staff, and administ rative staffExperienceMetro Hospital  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pawnee, INMedical Billing Specialist  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2011 – presentManage and coordinate billing for patients.Administer an active company-wide database of patient and insurance information.Encrypt medical service charges using ICD-9 code system.Oversee the distribution of bills to patients and insurance companies.Mentor new employees and department interns as part of Metro’s talent development initiative.Indiana North University Hospital  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shaw, INMedical Billing Clerk  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2008 – 2011Ensured accuracy and data security of patient information and billing codes.Processed statements and invoices through the AccuCare medical billing system.Tracked submitted claims, including instituting tracers as necessary.Developed expertise in all commercial, private, and managed care insurance programs, including Medicare and Medicaid.Office of Janet M. Arroyo, MD                                                            Pawnee, INAssistant Billing Clerk  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2007 – 2008Processed and marked patient charts for coding and billing.Filed patient records and submitted claims.Assisted senior billing clerk with audits, coding, and electronic claim submission.Farley Medical Supply  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pawnee, INBookkeeper  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2005 – 2007Processed vendor invoices to ensure prompt, accurate payments.Issued customer invoices.Recorde d cash receipts and made bank deposits.Maintained detailed logs and the chart of accounts.SkillsExemplary record keepingFocus on customer data accuracy and information securityWorking knowledge of all insurance types and ongoing regulation changesElectronic medical record maintenanceMicrosoft Office suite expertiseEducation and CertificationBrady College (Parkville, IN)AAS, Medical Billing and Coding, 2007AAS, Business Management, 2005Joe goes with a more traditional format (the reverse-chronological format, which features experience most prominently). It works well for his resume, because he has years of experience to feature. However, he starts with a list of core competencies to guide the reader toward specific aspects of his career so far. His experience bullets support those points as well. And he’s also careful not to repeat bullet points, even though there may not have been huge differences between his medical billing jobs. It’s important to differentiate as muc h as you can, finding unique points to highlight for each of your positions.And last but not least, here’s Abdullah, who is trying to level up in her medical billing career by moving into a management position.Download this resumeAbdullah Hernandez75 Market BoulevardTarrytown, NY 43434222.444.6666A.F.Hernandez@emaildomain.comExperienced, results-oriented medical billing specialist seeking to leverage 15+ years of administrative excellence into a supervisory position.Core CompetenciesEnsuring the highest-quality coding and billing work from self and team membersDeveloping workflow processes and protocols to ensure billing and coding accuracyTalent development and managementBilingual (English and Spanish)ExperienceMedical Billing Specialist                                   County General Hospital6/2013 – present  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New Rochelle, NYEstablish and implement guidelines for medical providers to ensure data accuracy.Work with Billing Supervisor to determine team assignments.Developed a cross-checking system with the front office to ensure that patient data is complete and accurate for claims processing.Oversee regular reporting to ensure that claims are processed and sent out on schedule.Manage database of insurance information, hospital procedure data, and billing codes.Billing Clerk                                                                                               State VA Hospital3/2010 – 6/2013  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Albany, NYVerified patient information and payments, following up with Collections procedures when necessary.Researched and resolved denials and rejections in a timely manner.Reviewed billing edits and verified patient information with insurance companies.Submitted claims to Medicare/Medicaid with the highest degree of accuracy.Medical Billing Clerk                                                           Anson Health Center7/2008 – 3/2010  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Albany, NYCoordinated bills for patients, routing them to patients and insurance companies.Resolved billing issues and disputes.Processed worker’s compensation claims.Transitioned the clinic t o a digitized filing system for claims and billing.Medical Billing Assistant                                             HealthPoint Services5/2003 – 3/2010  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Albany, NYObtained and processed patient charts and medical records for billing purposes.Verified patient information as necessary.Maintained patient information database.Organized, scanned, and copied patient charts for billing and archiving.Technical SkillsICD-9 coding systemAccuBill database managementMicrosoft Office suiteGoogle suite  Education/AffiliationsAmerican Society of Medical Billing ProfessionalsSecretary, Hudson Valley Chapter2015 – presentHuntville CollegeBachelor’s Degree, Health ManagementAssociate’s Degree, Medical Coding and BillingAbdullah has a sizable work history, but because she’s seeking to move up it’s important to emphasize not just that she has the experience and skills, but also the upward trajectory in her career. She does this by emphasizing the standards she holds for herself and others in the â€Å"Core Competencies† section, and by showing increasing levels of sophistication and responsibility throughout her different jobs. The old clichà © applies here: show, don’t tell. Make sure your resume supports the job you want, not just the jobs you’ve had.

Law of Contract, Case Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law of Contract, Case Law - Essay Example Mutual assent is manifested in an offer, acceptance, and consideration. An offer is an indication by one party, offeror of a willingness to enter into a contract with another party, offered on some specific terms. A valid offer creates a power exclusively in the hands of the offeree such that all that is needed to form a contract is acceptance. If one or more of the terms are missing from the offer, a court may supply those terms. Acceptance is an unequivocal indication that the offeree agrees. nothing. The scope of Consideration arises from when a person makes promise to another; he does so with the intention of deriving some advantage which the person to whom the proposal is made is capable of conferring upon him. In this sense we can define consideration as a legal detriment bargained for in exchange, i.e. agreeing to do something which you have no legal obligation to do or agreeing not to do something which you have a legal right to do. In Currie Vs Misa (2)the term consideration defined as " a valuable consideration in the eye of law may consist either in some right, Interest, profit or benefit accruing, to the one party ,or some forbearance, and detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered, or undertaken by the other." In Dunlop v Selfridge (3) the consideration is defined as "an act or forbearance of one party, or the promise thereof, is the price for which the promise of the other is bought, and the promise thus given for value is enforceable." From all these definitions and explanations of consideration it is apparent that an act without consideration is not legally binding; it is a so-called naked act, which does not give rise to a right of action.There exist some rules governing the Consideration. 1. If one party voluntarily performs an act, and the other party then makes a promise, the consideration for the promise is said to be in the past. The rule is that past consideration is no consideration, so it is not valid and cannot be used to sue on a contract. 2. Consideration must be sufficient but need not be adequate. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Currie Vs Misa 1875 LR 10 Ex. 153 3. Dunlop v Selfridge 1915 AC 847 3 3. The person who wishes to enforce the contract must show that they provided consideration; it is not enough to show

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 7

Report - Essay Example The company has performed admirably well, but they are yet to unlock the exponential potential lying in the social media marketing. This may be the only thing left for the company to claim its position as the best sneakers distributor. The use of Social media for marketing enables a business to engage their customers in the platform where they naturally spend most of their time. Identification of the social media platforms to use is the first step to high rewards from the sector. Animations and funny videos, when linked to the Facebook or Twitter pages, are the surest way to keep Facebook and Twitter youthful followers engaged and in the process, they gain more interests in the company’s profile. LinkedIn pages are also another social media feature that the company should have. These pages are important to get more branding for a business and an excellent platform to reach the target market on the network. This paper details how the Sneakers Seekers marketing team could employ an effective application of the social media approaches to increase sales by engaging more youths. Introduction Sneakers Seekers is one of the newest sneakers companies in the United States. The company has its headquarters at North Miami Beach, Florida 33179. Stoyan Doynov, who is its current CEO and president, started the company in 2008. Stoyan who says he started the company out of his passion for sneakers describes himself as â€Å"Sneakerhead† (Doynov, n.d.). Getting into a market with heavyweights such as Nike, Addidas, Jordan, Asics, Converse, Ewing, Fila, New Balance, Reebok, Vansvans and other must have been a very bold step for Doynov. The success that Sneaker Seekers has achieved is enough proof that will and desire can achieve milestones even where the ‘terrain is tough.’ The company specializes in sneakers and athletic footwear offering some 'hard-to-?nd' sneakers and shoes and has a permanent promise of a wide variety brand name sneakers as well a s athletic shoes at lowest prices. Since its entry into the market, Sneakers Seekers has shown unprecedented growth. Only two year after the company opened, it moved into online marketing to open SneakerSeekers.com stores. By and by online marketing became the main marketing platform for the company. Doynov says that their beginning was a humble one, selling products on EBay (PRWeb, 2013). This was during the Great Recession. The company now has its own website and is authorized to sell numerous brands, which Doynov says they add to every month. (PRWeb, 2013). To sell more, the company focuses on fashion and offer exquisite products. They offer the most popular brands of sneakers on the market as well as fashion oriented sneakers ranging from Radii Footwear, Blackstone, Gola and Victoria. The most significant development came when the company moved most of its overstock inventory to FBA (PRWeb, 2013). Doynov says that this move enabled the company to operate with fewer employees, ca rry, more inventory, and achieve greater Amazon fulfilled velocity on its items as its listings. Amazon provided Sneaker Seekers an Auto Multi-Channel Fulfillment (AutoMCF) through which it could sell on Sears, Rakuten Shopping and Newegg as well (PRWeb, 2013) thereby reaching more potential customers. They were

General Electric's Nuclear Radiation Research Paper

General Electric's Nuclear Radiation - Research Paper Example There is a lot of concern growing today on the ethical issues in the electric and nuclear radiation. Similarly, it also includes the nuclear weapons, the nuclear power, and the larger nuclear fuel cycle space (Hale, 2011). Currently, there is today the emerging ethical issue such as the number of wastes, health, and the entire environment that surrounds the production of the material. The effect of nuclear reactors is so wide that even reaches the areas where indigenous and the poor people in the society live (Katz, 2006). One possible effect is the injustice that people and even their future generation suffer as a result of radiations. The presence of the negative evidence that concerns with the nuclear industry have its concerns with world's issues such as politics, the science, and even the economics. In addition, it also includes the leaders who support the development of the nuclear industry such as Sir Mark Oliphant. Just in the same way as any other discipline, ethics in the g eneral electric, nuclear radiation industry defines the good and the bad that comes as it is used by human beings. The notion of ethics in reference to this industry, however, should not be confused with the ethics that has to do with classifying good or evil. This is because even the most respected lot in society may also find themselves indulging in the evil, even with their knowledge that such acts would lead to the cause of the evil things.Today issues of ethics are just but another faction in the discussions that relate to it.

Marketing Research- Individual Data Analysis Report Assignment

Marketing Research- Individual Data Analysis Report - Assignment Example Another critical factor that has led to an increased consumerism is the surge in credit culture. In addition, companies nowadays also put more emphasis on the requirements of consumers because they have understood that it is wise and sensible to manufacture products according to the requirement as it mitigates the market risk as well as provides opportunity to gain success. The same idea is applicable for a television production company (Edwards & Peccei, 2007). Television viewers have the tendency to watch programs that is entertaining and has some kind of social value (DeMozota, 2003). However, the viewership of a television program is greatly dependent upon the culture of the country and also the customer base that the television program has considered as its target. In this report, in-depth consumer analysis will be conducted to assess their attitude towards reality shows. On the basis of the analysis, a recommendation to the client, NBN will be made about whether they should int roduce a new Reality TV show or not. The analysis of data will encompass both qualitative and quantitative forms and a judgment will be made after considering both the facts (Solomon, 2008; Pride & Ferrell, 2004). Qualitative Analysis Key Themes Identified The study is trying to analyse the attitude of consumers towards reality TV shows. Another issue that became evident while exploring the qualitative data is the definition of a reality TV show. The analysis revealed that there are several types of shows being aired on television, but classifying programs as reality, soap and drama is a tricky task. Interpretation of Theme 1 The nature of the program is also dependent upon an individual’s point of view. According to R2, a reality shown is the one that depicts a real life scenario and showcases true reactions of the contestants participating in the program. Furthermore, the respondent also mentions that there are some reality shows that uphold real things but is often scripte d and participants act according to the direction. In the similar way, R5 comments that â€Å"I have to admit, I am not a very big fan of real-life TV. I tried watching programs such as survivors and Temptation Island, but they just are not appealing to me, which I think has a lot to do with the fact that I see those shows as acting and nothing else†. Hence, the same issue i.e. what actually is a reality television show is the matter of doubt among the mass. Another point raised by the respondent regarding reality TV shows is the authenticity of the participants. Exemplifying the mega hit show ‘Big Brother’, the respondents stated that â€Å"who wouldn’t be tempted to pretend to be someone that they don’t normally get to be on TV, even though the shows are supposed to be 100% real and genuine.† The statement obviously holds great importance, as consumers may feel cheated if they are not shown the real side of the participants. However, the po int made by R1 in this regards is contradicting. The respondent believes that some sort of acting in the reality shows is absolutely acceptable because they have participated in a competition and wining the show will reward them with a lot of money. Therefore, it is up to them how they portray themselves in front of the audience and it is up to the audience how the rate remains constant. In addition, the respondent also stated referring to reality show where two ordinary people

International trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

International trade - Essay Example Tariffs and quotas allow domestic industry to reap more profits than it would do under free trade. Pertinently tariffs and quotas are fairly transparent, when compared to other forms of trade interventions (Kenen, 2000: 177). However, loss to the economy and society from the protection of tariffs and quotas is higher as the loss to the consumers exceeds the gain of the producer. According to the US Department of Labor, protectionism destroys eight jobs in general economy for every one saved in the protected economy (Miller and Elwood, 1998). Free trade, on the other hand, encourages nations to manufacture only those commodities in which they have specialization thus creating more and better job opportunities. Cross-national trade, thus, makes the rates of goods more competitive and allows goods to be shipped and traded internationally. Tariffs and quotas decrease the choice of goods for the consumers and raise the cost of doing business. Trade protectionism impedes economic growth, a nd its costs are far higher than its benefits. Apparent similarities apart, there are major conceptual and practical differences between quotas and tariffs. There is a general non-equivalence between tariffs and quotas. Quotas restrict the import of commodities, into the home country, in a given period of time. Through a quota, a country directly decreases the import of goods. It is a protectionist regime employed to benefit a few importers, and producers, of a particular commodity. Quota can also be referred to as the quantitative restriction on the import of goods. Kenen (2000:176) argues that quotas also provide an absolute limitation on the volume of imports. There can be a total ban of import of quantities exceeding the quota or they can be subject to a high duty rate. Transparency in the quota system is far less than that in tariff system. Normally, quotas are allocated without any

Marketing Research- Individual Data Analysis Report Assignment

Marketing Research- Individual Data Analysis Report - Assignment Example Another critical factor that has led to an increased consumerism is the surge in credit culture. In addition, companies nowadays also put more emphasis on the requirements of consumers because they have understood that it is wise and sensible to manufacture products according to the requirement as it mitigates the market risk as well as provides opportunity to gain success. The same idea is applicable for a television production company (Edwards & Peccei, 2007). Television viewers have the tendency to watch programs that is entertaining and has some kind of social value (DeMozota, 2003). However, the viewership of a television program is greatly dependent upon the culture of the country and also the customer base that the television program has considered as its target. In this report, in-depth consumer analysis will be conducted to assess their attitude towards reality shows. On the basis of the analysis, a recommendation to the client, NBN will be made about whether they should int roduce a new Reality TV show or not. The analysis of data will encompass both qualitative and quantitative forms and a judgment will be made after considering both the facts (Solomon, 2008; Pride & Ferrell, 2004). Qualitative Analysis Key Themes Identified The study is trying to analyse the attitude of consumers towards reality TV shows. Another issue that became evident while exploring the qualitative data is the definition of a reality TV show. The analysis revealed that there are several types of shows being aired on television, but classifying programs as reality, soap and drama is a tricky task. Interpretation of Theme 1 The nature of the program is also dependent upon an individual’s point of view. According to R2, a reality shown is the one that depicts a real life scenario and showcases true reactions of the contestants participating in the program. Furthermore, the respondent also mentions that there are some reality shows that uphold real things but is often scripte d and participants act according to the direction. In the similar way, R5 comments that â€Å"I have to admit, I am not a very big fan of real-life TV. I tried watching programs such as survivors and Temptation Island, but they just are not appealing to me, which I think has a lot to do with the fact that I see those shows as acting and nothing else†. Hence, the same issue i.e. what actually is a reality television show is the matter of doubt among the mass. Another point raised by the respondent regarding reality TV shows is the authenticity of the participants. Exemplifying the mega hit show ‘Big Brother’, the respondents stated that â€Å"who wouldn’t be tempted to pretend to be someone that they don’t normally get to be on TV, even though the shows are supposed to be 100% real and genuine.† The statement obviously holds great importance, as consumers may feel cheated if they are not shown the real side of the participants. However, the po int made by R1 in this regards is contradicting. The respondent believes that some sort of acting in the reality shows is absolutely acceptable because they have participated in a competition and wining the show will reward them with a lot of money. Therefore, it is up to them how they portray themselves in front of the audience and it is up to the audience how the rate remains constant. In addition, the respondent also stated referring to reality show where two ordinary people

Duke Ellington Biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Duke Ellington Biography - Essay Example However, he began to attend concerts and was enthralled by the work of ragtime pianists and from here he began working on his musical style. In 1917, Duke Ellington began his musical career by playing the piano at night. He formed a band, and the drummer of this band later felt it was necessary to move to New York City to join a local orchestra. Duke Ellington followed the drummer, moving to Harlem and becoming an influential figure here, perhaps more so than he had been at home in Washington D.C. In 1924, Duke Ellington made his first eight records, and in 1925 began contributing to the Chocolate Kiddies revue, which was designed to introduce people to African American music. From here, his career really began to bloom. Duke Ellington became very famous, playing a number of important jazz clubs and even being nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. However, unfortunately, he died of lung cancer at the age of 75. Over 12,000 people attended his funeral, including his widow and Ella Fitzgerald, another influential jazz musician of the time. Since his death, Duke Ellington has continued to be recognized as one of the most important figures in 20th-century American music and continues to have an influence over jazz and popular music today.

Management Professional Resume Essay Example for Free

Management Professional Resume Essay QUALIFICATIONS SUMMARY Accomplished, goal-oriented Management Professional in the Aerospace industry.   Dynamic Leader with exceptional ability in supervising and motivating others.   Expertise in performing major inspections of space shuttle main engines, military jet engines, and depot level maintenance on aircraft airframe.   Excellent customer service skills with an in-depth knowledge of NASA, government operations and contracts. Recognized for Achieving Competitive Excellence (ACE), enhancing production, quality, cost savings, and a safe work environment.   Maintained a safety record of over 2,500 work days without OSHA recordable injuries.    Experienced in production scheduling, management techniques, and ACE/Lean Manufacturing initiatives.   Technically proficient with Microsoft Office and ISO AS9100.   FAA Aircraft Power Plant Licensed.   Received the NASA Space Flight Awareness Award, Eagle Award, and nominated for the Jack Weil Award.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CORE KNOWLEDGE AREAS à ¼Ã‚   Oral / Written Communication Skills à ¼Ã‚   Conflict Resolution à ¼Ã‚   Contract Negotiation à ¼Ã‚   Superb Organizational Skills à ¼Ã‚   Staff Development Training à ¼Ã‚   Project Management à ¼Ã‚   Supervision / Management à ¼Ã‚   Team Leadership RELEVANT PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE PRATT WHITNEY ROCKETDYNE, Kennedy Space Center, FL  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2005-Present Supervisor (Contractor to NASA) Supervises multiple shift schedules, and manages the hiring process. Conducts employee training, certifications and work place resolution processes. Ensures employee compliance with NASA operating procedures during inspections, technical maintenance, and performance tests on space shuttle rocket engines. Travels extensively to NASA Stennis Space Center and Marshall Space Center for testing, hardware improvement, research and development of space shuttle main engine. Executes extensive flight readiness tests with a 100% rocket engine performance success rate. BOEING ROCKETDYNE, Kennedy Space Center, FL  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2000-2005 Supervisor Led the 6S benchmark initiative, value stream mapping, and continuous improvement process. Traveled to various NASA sites to facilitate implementation of Lean Manufacturing initiatives, and implemented procedures. Resolved workforce issues in compliance with company policies. Selected as ISO AS9100 internal auditor to ensure work processes remained at optimum standards for continuous efficiency, safety, quality, product delivery, reliability, compliance. Served as point of contact for hazardous waste management, OJT trainer, FOD champion, and shift maintenance coordinator. LOCKHEED MARTIN, Tucson, Arizona  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1999-2000 Senior Site Manager – Air National Guard Supervised a crew of twenty for major overhaul of F-16 aircraft jet engines (F100-220/220E). Planned and scheduled engine production.   Ã‚  Maintained employee attendance records. Alleviated a 30-engine deficit for the base in a record setting pace with uncompromising quality. Established an unprecedented trusting relationship with the customer, receiving the highest evaluation rating. Provided employee training and maintained training records. Prepared weekly quality and production reports. LOCKHEED MARTIN, Nellis AFB, Nevada  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1998-1999 Inspector / Jet Engine Lead Technician Repaired and inspected F-15/F-16 aircraft jet engines including the Air Force Thunder- Bird’s jet engines. Performed flex fiberscope inspections utilizing IW-2 video recording fiberscope equipment. Exceeded expectations and delivery time of completed U.S.A.F. Thunderbird engine modifications as a result of quality inspection and assembly. Maintained engine records and training new technicians.    DANA MICHAUD   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page Two   RELEVANT PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE   (Continued) LOCKHEED MARTIN Otis Air Guard Base, Cape Code, MA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1997-1998 Jet Engine Technician Overhauled P W F100-100/200 jet engines and maintained aircraft engine records and parts requisition. Resolved engine problems from four to twenty serviceable fighters. CONSOLIDATED FUEL SYSTEMS, Montgomery, AL  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1993-1995 General Aviation Technician Performed inspections and overhauled aircraft engine fuel injection servos, fuel control, fuel pumps, and carburetors. Operated simulated test benches to calibrate fuel components to aircraft specifications. Significantly improved system operations and resolved engineering defects. Dramatically reduced warranty rates and increased customer satisfaction. PEMCO AEROPLEX, Birmingham, AL  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1993 Aircraft Technician Performed depot level maintenance on U.S.A.F. KC-135 aircrafts with zero inspection defects and an exceptional safety record and work performance. Removed, inspected, and installed aircraft components and controls such as ailerons, wings, vertical/horizontal stabs, cables, flaps, and spoilers. UNITED STATES AIR FORCE, Tyndall AFB, FL  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1987-1991 Jet Engine Technician Successfully overhauled P W F100-100 jet engines based on I.A.W. directives with high quality assurance ratings. Received promotions and nominated as a maintenance professional for four years. ADDITIONAL WORK EXPERIENCE SELF-EMPLOYED, (City, FL)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1996-1997 Independent Sales Trainer Trained staff to work effectively in a goal-oriented, and team environment by overcoming fears and mastering negotiation techniques. Motivated team to surpass monthly quotas for three months. BUDGET RENT-A-CAR, Panama City, FL  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1997 Maintenance Manager Maintained a fleet of 100+ vehicles for periodic and minor maintenance. Serviced manufacture recalls, maintained vehicle records and shop inventory. Generated insurance estimates and billing invoices. DGR ASSOCIATES INC., Tyndall AFB, FL  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1992-1993 Foreman Supervised a staff of 10 repairing and painting a U.S.A.F. housing complex on production bases. Calculated company income and expenses, payroll, and company inventory. Coordinated schedules for government inspection procedures. SELF-EMPLOYED, Panama City, FL  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1991-1992 Antique Vehicle Restorer Performed intricate precise restoration of classic vehicles, insurance estimation, and collision repairs utilizing advanced technological equipment and materials. EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX, Phoenix, Arizona Bachelors of Science in Business Management, 2007 Advanced Leadership Seminar, 1997 AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, Pensacola, Florida FAA Power Plant License, 1992

Folate-conjugated Therapeutic Agents for Arthritis

Folate-conjugated Therapeutic Agents for Arthritis IN VIVO STUDIES Consistent performance of a controlled release formulation upon dosing is critical to a quality product. In vivo evaluation of any drug delivery system is quite essential because many factors like pH of different biological organs, enzyme systems and variable affinity of carrier system for the various biological fluids including the tissues are expected to influence its performance. These factors affect the in vivo biological distribution and the drug release profile from a novel carrier system. In vivo studies are important in evaluating the bioavailability of drug from the designed formulations. Screening of the anti-inflammatory activity The screening methods for the evaluation of anti inflamatory activity have been classified as follows :- A. Nonimmunological methods 1. Evaluation of acute inflammation Carrageenan induced paw edema model (Winter et al.,1962) Histamine induced hind paw method. Carrageenan granuloma pouch technique. 2. Evaluation of chronic inflamation Formaldehyde induced arthritis. B.  Immunological methods 1. Adjuvant induced arthritis Complete Freunds adjuvant induced arthritic model. 2. Collagen induced arthritic model. 3. Borrelia burgdorferi induced arthritic model. C.  Miscellaneous U.V. erythema inflamatory model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male albino rats In vivo study was performed on the albino rats (av.wt.100 ±20 g).The animal studies were conducted with the permission of Institutional Animal Ethical Committee of Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar (M.P.). Animals were housed in plastic cages in the thermoneutral environment, and were supplied with feed pellet and water ad libitum. Induction of arthritis Carrageenan induced arthritis method was selected for present study (Winter et al., 1962). Carrageenan acts as phlogistic agent which causes the formation of edema due to stimulation of release of various proinflamatory agents like prostaglandins, histamine and serotonin, bradykinin. tachykinins, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species etc. BIODISTRIBUTION STUDY The rats were divided into four groups with each group comprising of three animals and labelled properly. After induction of arthritis plain drug suspended in PBS (pH 7.4), ETX-NPs and f-ETX-NPs in a dose equivalent to etoricoxib of 0.5 mg/kg body weight were administered through tail vein to albino rats. After 6 hr following administration of formulation, blood of animals was collected from retro orbital plexus of the eye, the rats were sacrificed and various organs such as liver, lung, kidney, spleen and arthritic knee joint were isolated. The organs were weighed, washed in PBS (pH 7.4) and stored at -20 °C until further required. Table 7.1 Data of biodistribution of etoricoxib in albino rats after i.v. administration of formulations Organs System Distribution of % injected dose /whole organ or tissue at 6 hr Blood Plain drug 53.17 ±2.11 ETX-NPs 29.23 ±1.39 f-ETX-NPs 24.39 ±1.10 Liver Plain drug 17.0 ±2.10 ETX-NPs 18.21 ±2.43 f-ETX-NPs 21.25 ±2.11 Spleen Plain drug 10.69 ±1.13 ETX-NPs 12.43 ±1.47 f-ETX-NPs 11.45 ±1.25 Kidney Plain drug 9.08 ±0.49 ETX-NPs 6.60 ±0.65 f-ETX-NPs 6.20 ±0.68 Lung Plain drug 2.76 ±0.28 ETX-NPs 4.81 ±0.53 f-ETX-NPs 6.60 ±0.71 Non-inflamed joint Plain drug 0.106 ±.02 ETX-NPs 0.11 ±0.02 f-ETX-NPs 0.104 ±.017 Inflamed joint Plain drug 0.11 ±0.020 ETX-NPs 0.35 ±0.058 f-ETX-NPs 1.42 ±0.049 Each value is expressed as mean  ±SD (n=3) Figure 7.1(A) % concentration of etoricoxib in blood after 6 hr of i.v. injection         Figure 7.1(B) % concentration of etoricoxib in liver after 6 hr of i.v. injection Figure 7.1(C) % concentration of etoricoxib in spleen after 6 hr of i.v. injection Figure 7.1(D) % concentration of etoricoxib in kidney after 6 hr of i.v. injection Figure 7.1(E) % concentration of etoricoxib in lung after 6 hr of i.v. injection Figure 7.1(F) % concentration of etoricoxib in noninflamed joint after 6 hr of i.v. injection Figure 7.1(G) % concentration of etoricoxib in inflamed joint after 6 hr of i.v. injection PHARMACODYNAMIC STUDY Carrageenan-induced Paw edema in rats This model is based on the principle of release of various inflamatory mediators by carrageenan. Edema formation due to carrageenan in rat paw is biphasic event. The initial phase is attributed to the release of histamine and serotonin. The second phase of edema is due to the release of prostaglandins, protease and lysosome. Assay was performed by single subcutaneous injection of 1% (0.1 ml) carrageenan as phlogistic agent and inflamation was determined by measuring change in the volume of inflamed paw , using a well calibrated plethysmometer (UGO,BASILE 7140, Italy). The carrageenan edema test was performed for drug loaded BSA nanoparticles as described by (Winter et al., 1962). Albino rats selected for the present study were weighed, numbered and left paw was marked with ink at the level of tibiotarsic articulation, so that every time, the paw was dipped into the plethysmometer up to the fix mark to ensure the constant paw volume. Basal paw volume was measured plethysmographically by volume displacement method using Plethysmometer (UGO Basile 7140 Italy ) by immersing the paw till the level of tibiotarsic articulation The weight of each animal was taken, averaged and were found to be around 120 g .The day time was chosen for the study to avoid any significant changes in the circardian rhythyms. Animals were divided into four groups (n=3) including one controlled group starved overnight with water ad libitum prior to the day of experiment. Test formulation of drug loaded BSA NPs (0.2%w/v) and plain drug suspended in PBS (pH 7.4) in dose of 0.5 mg/kg body wt. was administered through iv route to albino rats of respective groups excluding control group. The co ntrol group was injected with normal saline (PBS, pH 7.4). After administration of test formulations of drug loaded NPs of BSA, the rats were challenged by a subcutaneous injection of 0.1 ml of 1% solution of carrageenan into the sub-plantar side of the right hind paw. The paw volume was measured every hour till 4th hr and subsequently readings were taken at 8, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hrs after challenge. The increase in paw volume was calculated as percentage compared with the basal volume. The difference of average values between treated animals and control group is calculated for each time interval and evaluated statistically. The percent Inhibition for each group was calculated using the formula as follows. Vcontrol -Vtreated % inhibition of edema = -χ 100 Vcontrol Where Vcontrol =mean edema volume of rats in control group, Vtreated mean edema volume of each rat in test group. The results are reported in the Table 7.2. A graph was plotted between % inhibition of edema Vs time ( Figure 7.2). Table 7.2 Screening Data for anti-inflamatory activity of plain drug solution, drug loaded nanoparticulate system and ligand conjugated drug loaded nanoparticulate system using carrageenan induced paw edema model. Time (hr) % Inhibition of edema Plain drug solution Drug loaded nanoparticulate system Ligand conjugated drug loaded nanoparticulate system 1/2 15.14 ±1.9 6.71 ±0.81 7.54 ±1.1 1 24.21 ±2.8 10.32 ±1.7 18.91 ±3.3 2 37.42 ±3.8 12.54 ±1.8 23.01 ±5.2 4 41.53 ±4.2 19.37 ±2.1 38.41 ±4.2 8 32.27 ±3.5 26.57 ±3.2 47.50 ±3.9 12 21.59 ±2.2 46.91 ±3.9 62.35 ±6.9 24 12.01 ±1.8 28.12 ±3.4 55.01 ±8.3 36 7.37 ±0.79 19.97 ±2.6 48.72 ±7.6 48 ND 12.10 ±1.9 24.59 ±3.3 60 ND 7.53 ±0.87 18.15 ±2.8 72 ND ND 7.78 ±0.89 ND= Not detectable; each value is expressed as mean  ±SD (n=3) Figure 7.2 Plot of % inhibition of edema Vs time Statistical analysis Results were expressed as mean  ±standard deviation (SD) and statistical analysis was performed with PSS 10.1 Chicago (USA). The biodistribution parameters were calculated with the help of (pk analyst) scientific programme from Micromath Inc. (UK). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In vivo studies are important in evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of designed dosage forms and also help in establishing the correlation between the results obtained from the in vitro experimentation to that of in vivo conclusions. In order to understand the fate of drug loaded NPs in vivo, the biodistribution of drug in various major organs was investigated. The amount of drug in the body depends upon its release, distribution metabolism and excretion from body. The concentration of drug in inflamatory knee joint was found about 3 folds higher in case of drug loaded NPs and about 10 folds higher in case of folic acid conjugated system as compare to the free drug administration. These results evidenced the site specific targeting of drug in inflammatory region. Concentration of drug in blood was found to be 53.17 ±2.11 % in case of plain drug solution, while in case of ETX-NPs and f-ETX-NPs it was found to be about 29.23 ±1.39 % and 24.39 ±1.10 % respectively of the whole injected dose which proved the sustained effect of formulations. The concentration of drug in liver was found to be 17.0 ±2.10%, 18.2 ±2.43% and 21.2 ±2.119% of the whole injected dose in case of plain drug, ETX-NPs and f-ETX-NPs respectively. Slight increase in the amount of drug (although very less) in various organs from formulations ETX-NPs and f-ETX-NPs suggested the RES uptake of nanoparticulate formulations in those organs. Concentration of drug in inflamed joint was raised up to 3 fold in case of plain ETX-NPs and 10 fold in case of f-ETX-NPs as compared to plain drug administration. This proved the targeting efficiency of nanoparticulate formulations both uncoupled as well as folate conjugated nanoparticles. The % inhibition of edema was found to be significantly higher from f-ETX-NPs as compared to the ETX-NPs and plain drug .The folic acid (folate) attached to the surface of NPs might have carried the NPs to folate receptors over expressed on the activated macrophages that is responsible for the release of various inflamatory cytokines including prostaglandins (PGs). CONCLUSION The above data suggested that the development of folate-conjugated therapeutic agents in treatment of arthritis may further enhance its site specific drug delivery at inflamed joints and may also be used as sustained drug delivery system in rheumatoid arthritis.

Essay --

This is the story of one company, but two businesses, trying to do business in China, a country which can be very difficult even in the best of times. It is even more difficult when those two businesses are in conflict with each other. Much has been made of Google’s entry to and exit from the China market because of Chinese hacking and censorship. Other media companies, such as the New York Times, have also had issues with Chinese censors. But few companies are facing the dilemma that is currently facing Bloomberg LP, which recently became the world’s largest distributor of financial news and data (Elkind, 2013). This dilemma is placing its large money-making business side against its smaller media side, forcing them in some ways to fight head-to-head. And while the winner of this fight may be determined by where the money is, how the company chooses to handle this sensitive situation will speak volumes about both its ethical and business priorities. The business side consists of Bloomberg’s financial data unit, which includes its famous data terminal. That terminal is a part of investment offices around the world and responsible for 85 percent of the company’s $8.3 billion in annual revenue (Elkind, 2013). The media side consists of Bloomberg News and its 2,400 journalists, which includes its worldwide cable television channel, web page and other outlets such as Bloomberg Business Week. This part of Bloomberg brings in just 4 percent of the company’s revenue (Jager, 2013). This push-and-pull between the news and business sides of Bloomberg’s China operations dates back to 2012, when Bloomberg News published a series of stories about the personal wealth of China’s new president Xi Jinping and his family (â€Å"Xi Jinping Millionaire... ...and not journalism. It can choose to change its journalism model in order to preserve its financial data business model. Evidence of this shift is already taking place. The company recently laid off about 40 news staffers, and executives say Bloomberg will shift its focus away from certain areas, including its investigative unit. â€Å"We must have the courage to say no to certain areas of coverage in order to have enough firepower in areas we want to own,† Winkler said in a memo to his staff (Chozick, 2013). It is also my opinion that this is a wise course of action. While political conditions in China are far from ideal, it is possible those conditions will change in China over the course of years. Bloomberg is not compromising the ethics of its core business, and will leave itself in a position to quickly take advantage of any loosening of China’s censorship policies.

Examine the causes of urban sprawl and assess the effectiveness of strategies to contain it

Urban sprawl is one of the key planning issues today. It consists of low density settlement extending beyond the boundaries of built up areas. Also it involves high dependence on private automobiles and is often the result of poorly planned or unplanned development. While urban sprawl is linked to population growth, it is also caused by falling household sizes, increased demand for low density living, lower land prices in peripheral areas and a desire to escape from cities because of crime and pollution. There are number of forms of urban sprawl that can take place, the three main patterns are low density sprawl, ribbon sprawl and leap frog development. Each type of sprawl is often caused by the same core problems, all of which resulting in consequential effects. There are numerous reasons as to why urban sprawl occurs, however a significant point when it became apparent was after World War 2. At this time people started moving from the cities to the countryside. Living in suburbia signified a better, healthier lifestyle. The land in the areas people were moving to was cheap and there was plenty of it, and government incentives and subsidies helped families realize their dream of a better life. As times have moved on the issues of urban sprawl have continued, caused by a variety of factors. To begin with the increasing demand for housing plays a large part in urban sprawl, with more people buying houses and living with fewer people, houses are in demand more than ever. This coupled with the quality of the inner city environment causes people to want to move out of the inner city into suburban areas, hence urban sprawl. A further cause for urban sprawl is the demand for low density housing, people have increasing wants for higher living standards and want to get as much as they can for their money, therefore this can be achieved more easily by moving out of the densely populated city centre's to suburban areas where they can have more space and land. Additionally the demographic structure and household changes may impact upon urban sprawl. Changes in age structure, social structure of the population and household type and structure may all affect location preferences of households. Lastly, lifestyle and behaviour can have a significant effect on urban sprawl. Changes in lifestyle, for instance increases in leisure time and disposable incomes may lead to people to want to live in an environment to suit this type of lifestyle and often suburban areas can meet these needs. Although there are several causes that encourage urban sprawl there are a number of strategies that have been implemented in order to try and contain it. The solutions can be based on three main approaches. Firstly, designating areas where no development is allowed, secondly channeling urban growth to selected towns and cities and lastly increasing urban residential densities and attracting residents back to the city. One policy that can be implemented is urban growth boundaries or green belts. This aims to restrict the physical sprawl. This is illustrated by Portland Oregon in the USA where an urban growth boundary surrounds Portland and twenty three nearby small settlements. The green belt protects the attractive rural landscapes of the Willamette Valley and helps invigorate the inner city. Portland managed to accommodate a 0% growth in population by increasing the built up area by only 2 % between 1970 and 2000. However, while Portland has been successful in using this strategy so far, the city is begging to run out of land. Consequently, house prices are rising rapidly, 15. 6% between 193 and 1996 compared with 1. 8 % for the whole country. In order to find affordable housing people are being forced to move further away to the adjacent city of Vancouver. Another method which has been used in Minneapolis is revitalization of the city centre. This aims to attract people back to the city by providing good quality services and making them convenient and easy to use. In turn relieving pressures on suburban areas and thus decreasing urban sprawl. Switching transport investment from intercity highways to city transport schemes is another way in which urban sprawl can be minimized. By doing this cities can be made more attractive and manageable for people to access and use. The US government rejected plans for a highway near Salt Lake City in order to try and put more financial support into city transport schemes. New towns are another scheme implemented in a number of areas in order to tackle urban growth and manage urban sprawl. In Cairo to try and alleviate urban sprawl, protect scarce farmland and provide better living conditions for the residents of the cities overcrowded districts, the Egyptian government began planning a series of new settlements around Cairo in the 1970's. Various settlements were developed, located in five growth corridors; while Cairo itself was surrounded by a ring road o prevent outward expansion. Although some of the settlements were successful at attracting businesses, they were less triumphant at gaining residents. The majority of workers continued to live in Cairo and commute to the New Towns. In this case the success was variable and proved ineffective as the towns diminished due to water shortages and poor public transport. Lastly, an alternative to urban sprawl is the greater use of land and buildings in existing built-up areas, this can take two forms, conversion of unused buildings into new homes or development on Brownfield land. Brownfield land consists of areas previously used for industry or commercial activity which are now derelict or unused. England has over 57000 ha of previously developed and unused land in cities. In Glasgow, for example, 12 % of land is classified as derelict. Although this appears to be a viable solution to urban sprawl there are problems that occur. Brownfield sites have many limitations for planes and developers and are often contaminated with industrial chemicals or waste from factories and power stations. An example of a Brownfield development is Barking Reach on the banks of the River Thames in inner London. In order to make this site suitable for development of houses, offices and schools, developers had to bury overhead power cables, remove ash from three power stations, and reclaim marshland by raising the ground level. Overall, although there are many causes that result in urban sprawl there appear to be many solutions available in order to contain or even solve the issue. However, the effectiveness of these solutions is variable. For instance although in the short-term Portland, Oregon has been effective it is now having to deal with a number of consequential issues which makes the long-term effectiveness of the project to be questionable. As for Cairo, it is evident that the initial plans and ideas were sufficient but the financial support and economic stability were not there in order to make the development successful. For urban sprawl to be effectively managed or even solved a combination of suitable strategies need to be planed, implemented and contained in order for it to be sustained and therefore a success.

Broken Rites in Hamlet

In order to understand the role of the rites in Hamlet, one must conceptualize the ritual. The rites in Hamlet concern mainly marriage, mourning and funeral. It is crucial to distinguish their specific nature to detect how they participate in the tragedy. Arnold van Gennep identified and elaborated in his works that birth, puberty, marriage and death are the principal changes in life of an individual and that of the society. He defined and qualified them in the book of the same name as The Rites of Passage (Van Geppen).Every passage understands the successive phases of separation, liminality and re-corporation in order to allow the emotional adaptation of an individual to the transition. The transition can be particulary dangerous for the concord of the social life as its cataclysmal habitual order. Since the rites of passage are designed to avoid the possible disturbance when regulating each changing in the society, the broken rites of passage concieve the impetus for the desintegra tion.In the course of this effort to disclose the extent of the broken rites in Hamlet of how it can affect on disjonction in the play, I will analyse them as the very motor of the tragic in the play. The investigation of the broken rites in Hamlet as those that became infallible when taking in consideration the socio-cultural pecularities of the historical period of the 16th and early 17th centuries. The Plague and also the Protestant movement resulted in the abolishment of the funeral rites that could be the last and only possible defence against the all powerful, inexorable death.In the sequel, the deep and extreme human anxiety before the death rose. In the work of Michael Neil, The Issues of Death: Mortality and Identity in English Renaissance Tragedy, he made apparent how the loss of the ritual is connected with the loss of the identity. In these terms, the investigation of the broken rites is particularly relevant for the reconsideration of Hamlet because many inerpreters of the work have focused on Hamlet's character as the central axis of the tragedy (Coyle). In choosing to focus on rites, one gets a more complex understanding on what occurs in the play and how theproblematical interaction between cultural expectations and individual tendencies are tragically intertwined. Exploring the substance of the broken rites in Hamlet which explicitly stands for unmasking and accusation of the order based on the lies throw the new light upon the mechanism of the tragedy. PART I: Broken Rites as the Starting Point of the Tragic Impulse. The play is obsessed with death. Its very exposition is marked by mortal events: the old King of Denmark kills the old King of Norway, the majesty of buried Denmark (1. I. I.48) appears as a Ghost. However, the starting point of the tragic impulse is asserted by the broken rites of the funeral and marriage. The mirth in funeral and dierge in mariage/In equal scale weighing delight and dole (2. I. 2. 12). It is consequentially imp ortant to conceive that these two broken rites serve for the determinant in the inner disintegration of Hamlet. The dead King, Old Hamlet did not receive the proper mourning, due to him, hence the narration chain of his memory is broken. Especially when in a very short time, his wife marries his brother.Two months dead-nay not so much, not two A little month, or ere those shoes were old, With which she followed my poor father's body†¦ a beast that wants discourse of reason Would have mourned longer-married with my uncle My father's brother†¦ the salt of most unrighteous tears†¦ incestuous sheets!(I. 2. 138-154) â€Å"No windy suspiration of forced breath, /No, nor the fritful river in the eye, /Nor the dejected havior of the visage†( I. 2. 79-81). Hamlet is alone to â€Å"give these mourning duties to your father† ( I. 2. 88) and to be dressed in black, while the rest of the court-including the queen-are already in the â€Å"remembrance of ourselvesâ₠¬  ( I. 2. 7 ) by admitting with pleasure the changes of hierarchy and moral behavior that Claudius institutes: â€Å"The funeral baked meats/Did coldly furnish forth th emarriage tables† ( I. 2. 180-181).The origin of the tragic must be detected properly. To do this, it is helpful to refer to Steiner's definition of tragedy which is defined as â€Å"the tragic personage is broken by forces which can neither be fully understood, nor overcome by rational prudence†¦ Tragedy is irreparable† (Dollimore). The irreparable begins with the irreparably broken rites of the funeral and marriage of Hamlet’s parents, the King and Queen of Denmark that Hamlet assumes on his own. Therefore before learning the truth from the Ghost, which will turn the tragedy into a revenge, the tragedy is set already.Before learning the truth , the hero's self is disjointed : O that this too too solid flesh would melt, /thaw and resolve itself into a dew,/Or that the Everlasting had not fixed/His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter†¦ ( I. 2. 129-133). Some historical facts are necessary to evoke in order to understand the whole picture of the tragedy. Funeral and mourning rites were substantial in the Elizabethan period maingly in order to maintain the social order and the psychological defense against mortality (Tylliard).The Plague had brought in the brutal abolishment of funeral rites wherein the mass burials of all classes have no distinction in common pits without any hierarchy. The denial of the purgatory by Protestants resulted into â€Å"a painfully private apocalypse,† placing the deceased â€Å"beyond our help† (Neil). The tormenting thoughts that death strikes anyone at any moment and that â€Å"a king may go a progress through the guts of beggar† (4. 3. 30) roused extreme anxiety on the issues of death. This anxiety has developed into a profound meditation on mortality and identity.That is why the melancholic character Hamlet ha d always â€Å"his eyes turned into his very soul. † The certitude of anything, the balance were beyond any human power or will and hence any change seemed even more tormenting. The marriage to a deceased husband's brother was forbidden by the Church, whether Catholic or Protestant (Shakespear). Claudius introduces the unnatural marriage by the shift from our â€Å"sometimes sister† to â€Å"wife† ( I. 2. 8-14). Therefore it is an already irreparably broken marriage rite before learning that Gertrude was seduced and then committed adultery in the sacred marriage.The role of the rites of passage is to guarantee the smooth adaptation to change. But Hamlet was stuck in the phase of limination even before learning the truth from the Ghost. His limination phase was his mourning. He was between the live and the death, where the death was the material category. The impossibility of his passage out of mourning was reinforced by the fact that he already mentioned that he is the only mourned, hence twicely isolated. The phase of re-incorporation to the world of the dead is the most significant in the funeral rite (Van Geppen 210).Assurance was not given to Old Hamlet, as there was no separation and liminality. Separation: he was honored no relief, no purification: â€Å"Cut off even in the blossoms of my sin,/Unhouseled, dis-appointed, unaneled, /No reckoning made, but sent to my account/With all my imperfections on my head. † Limination: no proper mourning. In the sequel, The King Hamlet was not re-incorporated and that is why he appears as a Ghost. He is ineffectual to reach â€Å"the country from wich nor traveller returns†( 3. 1. 80-81).Horatio's words about the Ghost seem unrelevant at first reading but in reality they are important for the perception of the tragedy structure. â€Å"What if it tempt you toward the flood, my lord,/Or to the dreadful summit of cliff†¦ Which might deprive your soveregnty of reson/and draw you i nto madness? †( 1. 4. 48-53) The individuals that were not accorded with the proper funeral rites could never integrate into the world of the dead. This kind of dead was particularly dangerous as they were trying to penetrate there at the expense of the living beings. Usually they were marked by the desire of vengeance (Van Geppen 229-230).The passage out the liminality is possible only through the successful re-incorporation (Van Geppen 211). Can King Hamlet be re-incorporated if Hamlet revenges? Or does the chase to repair forever broken store the true mousetrap for the hero himself? The same the re-incorporation phase of mariage is never re-incorporated by Hamlet. His mother not only reintegrated in the social life, but she lives her new marriage in the amplitude of plaesures. Having been re-incorporated by others, the rite of marriage does not concern the court as it concerns Hamlet.The latter has not passed through the phases and that is why he finds himself ruptured from society. To reconstitute the inverted natural order of things, Hamlet must restore the broken chain of narration. His father must be remembered and Claudius must be punished. PART II Sleeping Dog But what restoring the memory that is restoring the broking rites inserts for the hero? Is his invocation for a retribution a possibility to reahibilitate the former natural order or is it a course towards an inevitable tragic end? One of the hero's attempts to restore the memory is the introducing of the Moustrap.The broken rites' great instigation of the unnatural is contrasting with the situation in the speech on Priam's slaughter. He maternity†¦ and for a robe,/About her lank and fall o'er-teemed loins, A blanket in th'alarum†¦ (2. 2. 498-99), wouild have made milch the burning eyes (2. 2. 508) is opposed to Gertrude's adulltry unrighteous tears( 1. 2. 155). Hecube mourning was so intense that the death or the Fortune's Wheel would treason have pronounced (2. 2. 502). It stre ssed the potent power of the rite. When the rite is devoutly respected, it can accomplish the miracles.After his successful attempt to reveal the truth, Hamlet does not kill Claudious during his attempt to pray because he must ensure the bad phase of separation for him and not to â€Å"send him to heaven. † He must be killed in â€Å"the blossom of his sin† as Old Hamlet to get stuck in the tormenting limination phase. Trying to resrore the irrepareble broken rites by restoring the memory of his father, the hero has desperately condemened to the tragic end. The atonement of the obscure past is impossible without the occurence of new tragic events. As a consequence, the individual crisis of Hamlet was becoming more contradictive and more tormenting.The successive broken rites were reperpetuted throughout the play: the Rosencrantz and Guildenstern deaths, the â€Å"hugger-mugger† way of Polonius burial which causes the disjunction in the minds of his children. It is relevant here to mark that Ophelia suffered quite the similar inner disintegration issued from the broken rites than that of Hamlet. Her father's death was insultingly dishonorable. The marriage that she prepared was abolished and hence, she can only be analyzed as stuck in the phase of the liminality. The songs in her madness speak out: â€Å"Larded with sweet flowers, /Which bewept to the grave did not go /With true-love showers.† â€Å"You promised me to wed†¦. Stricktly speaking, the death of innocent Ohelia is provoked by these two broken rites introducing a new variotion on â€Å"mirth in funeal and dierge in marriage:† â€Å"I thought thy bridebed to have decked, sweet maid† (5. 1. 154). The inexorable insistence on the irreparable collapse caused by the broken rites works up the tragedy. So considering Ophelia's death â€Å"doubtful,† the priest deprieves her from the correct obsequious rites: â€Å"Yet here she is allowed her virgin rit es†¦ †( 5. 1. 222); Hamlet: â€Å"And such maimed rites? This doth betoken/ The corpse they follow did with desp'rate hand† ( 5. 1. 209-210).Moreover, one of the Clown concludes that â€Å"if this had not been a gentlewoman, she have been buried out of Christian burial† (5. 1. 23-24). Ophelia's tragic accompined by the tokens of floral innocence end seems to be one of the most dramatic and the ambigues quarrel of Hamlet and Laertes on her coffin only exacerbates the task of restoring the rememberance. Claudious is speculating on the rite of mourning, when inciting Laertes agaings Hamlet. Was your father dear to you? /Or are you like the painting of sorrow,/A face without a heart? ( 4. 7. 95-96). The rite stakes in the sort: â€Å"To cut his throat i'th'church† ( 4. 7. 103).PART III: The effect on the identity or how the broken rites change the perception of life Exploring the anxieties and in particular the anxieties concerning the funeral and mournin g rites, the play is imminently influenced by the memento mori traditions. Making apparent the similitude of the skulls in the scene with the grave-diggers, Hamlet broods on the subject of death. The tragic emphasis intensified when unwillingly but opportunately the grief of Ophelia's death was fractured by the joking with the Yourick skull: â€Å"Now get you to my lady's chamber, and tell her, let her paint and inch thick, to this favor she must come.Make her laugh at that†( 5. 1. 184-185). And accordingly if addressed to the living this joke would have brought rather melancholy than joy. Melancholy emerges with the awareness of the loss of a geocentric and athropocentric universe, the loss of the centre. In this mesh, â€Å"the melancholic finds the opportunity to re-centre himself† (Curti 156-157). Hamlet is trying to reconstitute himself through the restoration of the rememeberance which became his obsession. In the last scenes of the play, Hamlet was getting more and more aware of the imporance of the a good death also for himself.The issue of the suicide was left aside in the first two acts. Hamlet percieved that the good end may be guaranteed by noone, but oneself. â€Å"Readiness is all† (5. 2. 169). This equivocal statement accounts also for the excuses that Hamlet presents to Laertes before his possible end. â€Å"The soldiers' music and the rites of war/ Speak loudly for him† (5. 2. 352-53) can not truely be appease the initial disjointing of time and state. Even if the solemn obsequious march that ends the play indemnify on a certain level the lack of the accomplished rite, Fortinbras is a foreigner and the former enemy who had taken the rule in his hands.The cost of this â€Å"truly delivered† ( 5. 2. 338) restoration of a piece of memory is the tragic end of the whole kindom. Conlcusion Exploring the role of the broken rites in Hamlet as the motor of the tragic in the play cannot be a delusion, but is a broad fi eld of research of the precision in the approaches of the understanding of the tragedy. Alternatively, from the very broken cemectries of Caesar's Rome and to the groteskly solemn funeral rites on Hamlet's honor, the broken rites are confirmed to possessan an eldritch power to affect on the social as well as on the individual.Proving their susceptibility to unremitting reproduction of the new broken rites that bind us towards a more sophisticated account of the mechanism of the emergence of the successive tragic impulses in the play, the critical reading of the play from the broken rites axis. Bearing in mind the social and cultural context of the 16 th and early 17th centuries and in particular the memento mori and the arts of death traditions, the play does not impend the remorseless broken rites to gratify the tragedy. Works Cited Coyle, Martin. Hamlet. UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 1992.Curti, Lidia. Female Stories, Female Bodies. Narrative identity and Representation. New York: Macmi llan Press, 1998. Dollimore, Jonathan. Radical Tragedy: Religion, Ideology and Power in the Drama of Shakespeare and his Contemporaries. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1984. Neil, Michael. Issues of Death: Mortality and Identity in English Renaissance Tragedy. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. G. R. Hibbard. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1987. Tylliard, Eustace M. W. The Elizabethan World Picture. US: Penguin, 1990. Van Geppen, Arnold. Les Rites de Passage.